Early Mild Stress along with Lipid Improves the Stress Responsiveness of Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus)

Table 1

Formulation and proximate analyses of the experimental diets containing different lipid levels.

Ingredient	High lipid	Low lipid
	g/kg, as-fed basis
Fish meal	250.0	250.0
Soybean meal	240.0	240.0
Corn meal	161.6	241.6
Meat and bone meal	60.0	70.0
Wheat gluten	120.0	110.0
Fish oil	60.0	30.0
Soybean oil	70.0	20.0
Other ingredients^†	38.4	38.4
Proximate composition (g/kg dry matter)
Crude protein	400.5	401.3
Total lipid	179.3	98.4
Ash	70.0	80.5
Carbohydrate^††	250.0	320.0
Moisture	108.1	105.4
Gross energy (kJ/g)^‡‡	20.0	19.9

^†Other ingredients: dicalcium phosphate 3.0 g/kg; mineral premix^† 10.0 g/kg; vitamin premix^§ 10.0 g/kg; antifungus Toxiban premix 10.0 g/kg; antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 0.2 g/kg; phytase 0.2 g/kg; lysine 4.0 g/kg; methionine 1.0 g/kg. Diet components were purchased from the Animal & Aquatic Feed store (Arak, Markazi, Iran). ^†1 kg mineral supplementation contained Co, 100; I, 400; Se, 20; Zn, 10,000; Fe, 6,000; Cu, 600; and Mn, 5,000. ^§5 kg vitamin supplementation 0.5% contained vitamin A 80,000 IU/kg; vitamin D3 2,000 IU/kg; vitamin k 20 mg/kg; thiamin 60 mg/kg; riboflavin 60 mg/kg; pyridoxine 100 mg/kg; pantothenic acid 150 mg/kg; niacin 300 mg/kg; biothin 2 mg/kg; folic acid 20 mg/kg; vitamin B12 0.1 mg/kg; inositol 300 mg/kg; ascorbic acid 600 mg/kg; and choline chloride 3000 mg/kg. ^††. ^‡‡Estimated gross energy was calculated based on 1 g crude protein being 23.6 kj, 1 g crude lipid being 39.5 kj, and 1 g carbohydrate being 17.2 kj. NRC (2011).