Effects of Dietary Protein-to-Energy Ratios on Growth, Immune Response, Antioxidative Capacity, Liver and Intestinal Histology, and Growth-Related Gene Expression in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (<i>Pelteobagrus fulvidraco <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.287701pt" id="M1" height="13.3254pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.0377 10.5178 13.3254" width="10.5178pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g191-6" d="M131 -3H270V-135H336V-3H472V63H336V167C393 176 441 203 480 246C519 291 538 343 538 403C538 468 515 523 469 569S368 638 303 638C237 638 181 615 134 569C88 523 65 468 65 403C65 343 84 291 123 246S211 175 270 167V63H131V-3ZM472 403C472 355 455 314 422 281S349 231 303 231C255 231 214 248 181 281S131 355 131 403C131 449 148 489 181 522S255 572 303 572C349 572 389 555 422 522S472 449 472 403Z"/></g></svg> × Pelteobagrus vachelli <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.287701pt" id="M2" height="13.3254pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.0377 11.4996 13.3254" width="11.4996pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g191-7" d="M620 399C566 486 539 562 539 625L517 634C480 599 407 566 298 536L285 503C344 505 400 514 453 529L367 329C346 338 321 342 292 342C227 342 170 319 123 273C77 227 54 172 54 107C54 41 77 -15 123 -61C170 -108 226 -131 292 -131C357 -131 412 -108 458 -61C504 -15 527 41 527 107C527 186 487 259 422 303L508 504C533 458 566 412 607 367L620 399ZM461 107C461 59 444 18 411 -15S338 -65 292 -65C244 -65 203 -48 170 -15S120 59 120 107C120 153 137 193 170 226S244 276 292 276C338 276 378 259 411 226S461 153 461 107Z"/></g></svg></i>)

<div>Effect of different dietary protein and energy ratios on relative expressions of IGF-1 (a) and TOR (b) genes in liver of hybrid yellow catfish. Values are <svg height="9.10327pt" id="M327" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 81.4106 9.10327" width="81.4106pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.595,0)"><path d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.198,0)"><path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.788,0)"><path d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.794,0)"><path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.597,0)"><path d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.134,0)"><path d="M409 504C401 567 396 607 392 642C354 654 312 665 266 665C137 665 60 583 60 487C60 374 161 325 225 290C300 250 355 215 355 141C355 68 311 21 235 21C131 21 86 122 71 183L41 176C48 128 61 42 68 21C78 16 93 8 118 0C142 -7 175 -15 216 -15C349 -15 438 69 438 174C438 287 344 333 265 374C186 414 138 449 138 522C138 576 172 631 249 631C336 631 363 562 380 499L409 504Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.319,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.283,0)"><path d="M517 162C503 123 484 88 467 68C445 42 417 34 341 34C291 34 256 34 237 47C219 59 213 81 213 128V317H308C395 317 402 311 415 240H444V431H415C403 364 398 356 307 356H213V584C213 613 215 616 246 616H322C394 616 421 609 435 587C448 566 458 544 467 502L496 506C493 557 488 625 488 650H42V622C120 616 128 612 128 523V125C128 43 120 35 29 28V0H511C520 31 540 125 546 158L517 162Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.695,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.659,0)"><path d="M861 0V28C774 35 771 41 768 147L759 509C756 612 762 614 851 622V650H681L449 149L221 650H57V622C148 613 153 609 144 479L130 271C123 166 117 123 111 88C104 46 85 34 26 28V0H259V28C192 35 169 42 167 90C166 130 166 173 170 256L185 541H187L411 7H431L675 555H679L683 147C683 41 680 35 598 28V0H861Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.285,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g></svg> of three replications (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M328" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 27.8368 8.55521" width="27.8368pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.158,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.421,0)"><path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"></path></g></svg>).</span> Values had different letters are significantly different (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.2729pt" id="M329" style="vertical-align:-0.6370001pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 44.8393 9.2729" width="44.8393pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)"><path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"></path></g></svg>).</span> IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1. TOR: target of rapamycin.</div>

Aquaculture Nutrition

fig4

Figure 4

Figure 4: Effects of Dietary Protein-to-Energy Ratios on Growth, Immune Response, Antioxidative Capacity, Liver and Intestinal Histology, and Growth-Related Gene Expression in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (<i>Pelteobagrus fulvidraco <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.287701pt" id="M1" height="13.3254pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.0377 10.5178 13.3254" width="10.5178pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g191-6" d="M131 -3H270V-135H336V-3H472V63H336V167C393 176 441 203 480 246C519 291 538 343 538 403C538 468 515 523 469 569S368 638 303 638C237 638 181 615 134 569C88 523 65 468 65 403C65 343 84 291 123 246S211 175 270 167V63H131V-3ZM472 403C472 355 455 314 422 281S349 231 303 231C255 231 214 248 181 281S131 355 131 403C131 449 148 489 181 522S255 572 303 572C349 572 389 555 422 522S472 449 472 403Z"/></g></svg> × Pelteobagrus vachelli <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.287701pt" id="M2" height="13.3254pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.0377 11.4996 13.3254" width="11.4996pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g191-7" d="M620 399C566 486 539 562 539 625L517 634C480 599 407 566 298 536L285 503C344 505 400 514 453 529L367 329C346 338 321 342 292 342C227 342 170 319 123 273C77 227 54 172 54 107C54 41 77 -15 123 -61C170 -108 226 -131 292 -131C357 -131 412 -108 458 -61C504 -15 527 41 527 107C527 186 487 259 422 303L508 504C533 458 566 412 607 367L620 399ZM461 107C461 59 444 18 411 -15S338 -65 292 -65C244 -65 203 -48 170 -15S120 59 120 107C120 153 137 193 170 226S244 276 292 276C338 276 378 259 411 226S461 153 461 107Z"/></g></svg></i>) 

Figure 4 | Effects of Dietary Protein-to-Energy Ratios on Growth, Immune Response, Antioxidative Capacity, Liver and Intestinal Histology, and Growth-Related Gene Expression in Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco  × Pelteobagrus vachelli ) 