Optical Intensity Modulation in an LiNbO₃ Slab-Coupled Waveguide

Figure 4

New modulation mechanism using the main and the leaky waveguides (top); when applying an electrical field, the polarization rotates along the propagation. The propagation in the main guide therefore leaks to the leaky guide; and the voltage requirement for such a leakage is low, and can be much lower than the common V_π in all phase modulated schemes (bottom).