Outlier-Resistant 𝐿_𝟏 Orthogonal Regression via the Reformulation-Linearization Technique

Table 3

Summary of regression models for alkalinity on pH using 𝐿₁OR, 𝐿₂OR, ppOR-mad, ppOR-qn, 𝜏-OGK, and PCA-𝐿₁.

Method	Estimate	Standard error∗	𝑇 value	𝑃 value
𝐿1OR	−0.87760	0.05993	−14.64350	.00000
𝐿2OR	−0.97168	0.42857	−2.26728	.02555
ppOR-mad	−1.28919	0.74707	−1.72567	.08753
ppOR-qn	−0.93906	0.20355	−4.61344	.00001
𝜏-OGK	−0.83845	0.10632	−7.88578	.00000
PCA-𝐿1	−0.74421	0.11951	−6.22713	.00000