|
Reference
country | Year(s) of survey | Total sample | Age, mean, and min to max | Sampling methods | Study design | Response rate (%) | Diagnostic criteria and/or dietary assessment methods | The main findings and prevalence data | Quality assessment checklist (*) |
|
[27]
Saudi Arabia | 1996-1997 | 1,649
M: 1,175
F: 474 | ≥40 | Random stratified sampling | Cross-sectional study | 76.6 | HC: TC >6.2 mmol/L/overweight BMI for men ≥27.2 women ≥26.9/HTN: SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥95 or on medication | Overweight 49.8%/HTN 19.9%/current smoking 18.8%, HC:
overall 10.1%
M: 10.3%
F: 9.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[28]
Saudi Arabia | 1990–1993 | 10,651
M: 50.8%
F: 49.2% | ≥20 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | 69 | Overweight and obesity defined according the WHO criteria | Overweight: overall 31.2%
M 33.1%, F 29.4%, U 33.6%, R 28.3%
Obesity: overall 22.1%,
M 17.8%, F 26.6%, U 25.6%, and R 17.6% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[29]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 16917
M: 8002
F: 8804 | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | 98.2 | DM was defined according to the WHO | DM: overall 23.7%,
M 26.2%, F 21.5%, U 25.5%, and R 19.5%
The prevalence of IFG overall 14.1%
M 14.4%, and F 13.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[30]
Saudi Arabia | 1996 | 647
M: 383
F: 264 | 18–26 | Random sampling | Cross-sectional study | 91 | Current smokers: currently smoking at least 1 cigarette per day | Current smoking
overall 29%,
M 20%, F 9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[31]
Saudi Arabia | 1990–1993 | 2049
M: 1033
F: 1016 | 30–64 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | National Cross-sectional survey | 92 | DM: the random serum glucose according to the WHO criteria or self-reported/HC: mild (5.2–6.2 mmol/L) severe (>6.2 mmol/L)/HDL: <0.9 mmol/L/BMI: WHO criteria | Overweight: M 38%, F 34%
Obesity: M 23%, F 34%
DM: M 16.4%, F 20%
Smoking: M 21%, F 1%
Moderate HC: M & F = 21.5%
Severe HC: M & F = 9%
LDL: M 6.6%, F 10.3%
HDL: M 55%, F 47% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[32]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 17,232
M: 8215
F: 9008 | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | NR | Overweight and obesity defined according to the WHO | Overweight:
Overall 36.9%,
M 42.4%, F 31.8%, U 36.9%, R 36.9%
Obesity:
Overall 35.6%,
M 26.4%, F 44%
U 39.7%, R 27% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[33]
Saudi Arabia | 2001 | 1114
M: 442
F: 672 | 35–85 | Cluster sampling | Cross-sectional study | NR | HTN: BP ≥140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic or self-reported with medication or both | HTN:
Overall 30%
M 33%, F 29%, U 29%, R 32% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[34]
Saudi Arabia | 1996 | 1333
M: 100% | ≥19 | Random sampling | Cross-sectional study | 75 | Regular active: physically active for 30 or more minutes, 2 or more days a week | Physically inactive 53%, irregularly active 27.5%, and physically active on a regular basis 19% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[35]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 17,230
M: 47.7%
F: 52.3% | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | NR | HTN: SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥90 mmHg | HTN:
Overall 26.1%
M 28.6%, F 23.9%, U 27.9%, R 22.4% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[36]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 17,395
M: 8297
F: 9098 | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | NR | Physically active: 30 minutes or more of at least moderate-intensity activity for three or more times per week/physical inactivity: participants who did not meet the physically active criteria | Physical inactivity:
Overall 96.1%
M 93.9%, F 98.1% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[37]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 16.819
M: 47.6%
F: 52.4% | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional survey | 97 | HC: TC ≥5.2 mmol/L/TG: ≥1.69 mmol/L | HC: overall 54%
M 54.9%, F 53.2%, U 53.4%, R 55.3%
HG: Overall 40.3%
M 47.6%, F 33.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[38]
Saudi Arabia | 1999-2000 | 1752
M & F = not clear | 35.5 | Random sampling | Cross-sectional study | 70 | Current smokers: those who regularly or occasionally smoke on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis/nonsmokers: those who never smoked. | Current smokers 52.3%
U 55.9%, R 44.1% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[39]
Saudi Arabia | 2004-2005 | 195,874
M: 99,946
F: 95,905 | ≥30 | Nonrandom (all Saudis aged 30 and above who lived in the eastern region in SA were invited to participate in the screening programme) | Cross-sectional survey | 99.1 | Overweight and obesity defined according to the WHO | Overweight: overall 35.1%
M 40.3%, F 29.7%
Obesity: overall 43.8%
M 36.1%, F 51.8% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[40]
Saudi Arabia | 1993–1998 | F: 1764 | 30–70 years | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | CSS | NR | NR/Structured questionnaire | (i) The consumption of black tea was 87.2%.
(ii) Females who daily consumed >6 cups of tea (>480 mL) were significantly more likely to have lower rates of dyslipidaemia including, high (TC) (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41–0.97), high TG (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.86), high (LDL) (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.45–1.07), and high (VLDL) (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39–0.93). | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[41]
Saudi Arabia | 2008-2009 | 312
M: 132
& F: 180 | 21.1 years | Random selection | CSS | NR | BMI according to the National Institute of Health. HTN according to the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure/Self-reported questionnaire (11 items) | (i) The % of total energy from carbohydrates and fats was (38% versus 39%) and (46.1% versus 46.8%) in both M and F.
(ii) Unhealthy food habits were high consumption of snacks (42.5%), a low consumption of vegetables (30%), a high consumption of fatty foods (36% in F; 44% in M), a high consumption of salty foods (36% in F; 43% in M), and a high consumption of sugar (41% in F; 38% in M).
(iii) A significant association between the high intakes of energy derived from fatty foods and BMI and HTN in both genders.
(iv) A significant association was found between the high consumption of salty foods and HTN.
(v) A negative association was found between the consumption of vegetables, grains, and beans and BMI and HTN in both genders. | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[42]
Saudi Arabia | 2009 | 2789
M: 1806
F: 981 | 30–70 years | Random selection | CSS | NR | NR/Questionnaire and 24 h recall | (i) The most popular food was kabsa (80% in M and 65% in F), fresh fruits (63% in M and 45% in F), vegetables (62% in M and 47% in F) and dates (45%) in both genders and soft drinks (21% in M and 25% in F). | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[43]
The UAE | 2008–2010 | 50138
M: 43%
F: 57% | 18–75 | Nonrandom (all UAE nationals residing aged 18 to 75 who were living in Abu Dhabi city were enrolled in the CVD screening program) | Cross-sectional national survey | Measured data (98.7–99.9), self-reported data (86.1–99.8) | Obesity and overweight: according to WHO/DM: past history and on medication or HbA1c ≥6.5% or random glucose 11.1 mmol/L/HTN: self-reported and on medication or SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥90 mmHg/dyslipidaemia: self-reported on medication or LDL 4.1 mmol/L or HDL 1.0 mmol/L/current smokers: 1 cigarette per day during the last 12 months or 1 water pipe per month during the last 3 months | Obesity: overall 35.4%
M 31.6%, and F 38.3%
Overweight: overall 31.9%
M 36.1%, and F 28.8%
Dyslipidaemia: overall 44.2%
M 57.7%, and F 33.9%
HTN: overall 23.1%
M 26%, and F 20.9%
Smoking: overall 11.6%
M 25.8%, and F 0.8%
DM: overall 17.6%
M 17.3%, and F 17.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[44]
The UAE | 1997 | 3150
M: 1516
F: 1634 | 18–75 | Stratified random sampling | Cross-sectional study | NR | HTN: SBP >140 mmHg and/or DBP >90 mmHg and/or self-reported with medication | HTN:
overall 31.6%
M 47%, F 53% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-N, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[45]
The UAE | 1999-2000 | 5844
M: 2499
F: 3345 | ≥20 | Stratified multistage cluster sampling | National epidemiological cross-sectional study | 89 | DM: fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents | DM: overall 20%
M 21.5%, F 19.2%
IFG: overall 6.5%
M 4.5%, F 8% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[46]
The UAE | 2000-2001 | 535
F: 100% | >19 | Stratified random sampling | Cross-sectional survey | 95 | Overweight and obesity were defined according to WHO criteria | Overweight 27%
Obesity 35% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[47]
The UAE | 2002-2003 | 1104
M: 72%
F: 28% | 18–69 | Multistage cluster random sample | Large cross-sectional survey | 94.9 | Physical inactivity: the person did not meet the following criteria: 3 or more days of various activities during the last week of at least 20 minutes per day or 5 or more days of moderate-intensity activity or walking during the last week of at least 30 minutes per day | Physical inactivity
Overall 39.5%
M 37.9%, F 56.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[48]
The UAE | 2010 | 227
M: 74
F: 153 | 18–50
years | Convenience sampling | CCS | NR | MetS according to ATP III/24 h recall | (i) A high intake of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein in M and F, (20971 versus 17180 kjoules/day), (627.3 versus 549.7 g/day), (207.5 versus 150.1 g/day), and (175.5 versus 151.5 g/day), respectively.
(ii) The mean intake of total sugar and fibre was high (224.4 versus 202 g/day) and (44.4 versus 33.3 g/day), respectively. | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[49]
The UAE | 2001-2002 | F: 400 | 18–25 years | Convenience sampling | CSS | NR | BMI according to WHO/self-administrated questionnaire | (i) The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.4% and 6.7%, respectively.
(ii) Food habits include not having breakfast in 44.8%, fast food consumption once a day in 34.9%, and having only 1 or 2 meals/day in 52.3%.
(iii) A low consumption of cereals, vegetables and fruits by 54.4%, 51.5%, and 49.5%, respectively. A high intake of fat in 46.7%.
(iv) A significant association between obesity and low consumption of cereals and fruits. | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[50]
The UAE | 1993 | 2212
M: 1122
F: 1090 | ≥20 | Random selection | CSS | NR | NA/pretested structured questionnaire | (i) A low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk in the study population.
(ii) Elderly adults (≥50) were more likely to consume fruits, vegetables, fish, milk, and yoghurt than older adults.
(iii) Young adult females were more likely to consume fruits, vegetables, and fish than young adult males. | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[51]
Kuwait | 1995-1996 | 3003
M: 1105
F: 1898 | ≥20 | Convenience sampling (all Kuwaiti +20 in the survey area invited to participate) | Cross-sectional study | NR | DM according to the WHO diagnostic criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance | DM:
overall 14.8%
M 14.7%, F 14.8% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[52]
Kuwait | 1996 | 3859
M: 1798
F: 2061 | 33.2 | A three-stage stratified cluster sampling | Cross-sectional national study | 96.5 | Current smokers: if they were smoking at the time of the survey and had smoked more than 100 cigarette in their lifetime, former smokers: if they had smoked more than 100 cigarette in their life but no longer smoking, and never smokers: when they had never smoked or smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their life | The prevalence of smoking:
Overall 17%
M 34.4%, F 1.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[53]
Kuwait | 1998–2009 | 32,811
M: 15,110
F: 17,701 | 20–69 | Convenience sampling (Kuwaitis in health examination for Gov. and Hajj health check-ups and PHCCs) | National cross-sectional survey | NR | HC: moderate (5.2–6.22 TC mmol/L) severe (>6.23 TC mmol/L) | HC prevalence increased from 1998 to 1999 (M 35%; F 31%) until 2006-2007 (M 56%; F 53.6%) and then declined in 2008-2009 (M 33.7%; F 30.6%) | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[54]
Kuwait | 2006 | 2280
M: 918
F: 1362 | 20–65 | Systematic random sampling | National cross-sectional survey | 77.6 | Overweight and obesity were defined according to the WHO criteria | Combined overweight and obesity: 80.4%
Obesity:
M 39.2%, F 53% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N,7-NA |
|
[55]
Kuwait | 1998–2009 | 38,611
M: 17,491
F: 21,120 | 20–69 | convenience sampling (Kuwaitis in health examination for Gov. and Hajj health check-ups and PHCCs) | National cross-sectional survey | NR | Overweight and obesity defined according to the WHO criteria | Obesity increased from 1998 to 1999 (M 22.8%; F 28.4%) until 2008-2009 (M 34.1%; F 43%)
Overweight increased from 1998 to 1999 (M 36.5%; F 33.4%) until 2008-2009 (M 43.3%; F 34.3%) | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[56]
Kuwait | 2002–2009 | 6356
M: 2745
F: 3611 | 20–69 | Convenience sampling (Kuwaitis in health examination for Gov. and Hajj health check-ups and PHCCs) | National cross-sectional survey | NR | Diabetes defined according to the WHO criteria | IFG decreased from 2002 to 2009 by (M: 7.4%, F: 6.8%) and DM decreased in the same period by (M 9.8%, F 8.9%)
The prevalence in 2008-2009:
IFG (M 6%, F 5.3%)
DM (M 9.3%, F 6%)
Physical activity (M 42.1%, F 19.2%) | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[57]
Kuwait | 2006 | 761
M: 261
F: 500 | M: 21 years
F: 20.8 years | Random sampling | Cross-sectional
study | 84.5 | Water-pipe smokers: a person who smoked sheesha and had smoked sheesha for at least one month, people who had not smoked sheesha were classified as sheesha nonsmokers | Water-pipe smoking:
M 24.6%, F 5.5%
Cigarette smoking:
M 38.8%, F 7.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[58]
Qatar | 2003 | 1208
M: 508
F: 700 | 25–65 | A multistage stratified cluster sampling | Cross-sectional study | 80.5 | BP according to the WHO criteria | HTN: 32.1%
M 32.6%, F 31.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[59]
Qatar | 2007-2008 | 1117
M: 571
F: 546 | >20 | A multistage stratified cluster sampling | Cross-sectional study | 77.9 | DM was defined according to the WHO expert group | DM: 16.7%
M 15.2%, F 18.1% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[60]
Qatar | 1992 | 603
F: 100% | 18–67 | Convenient sampling | Cross-sectional survey | NR | Obesity and overweight according to the WHO definition/self-reported of past history of DM and HTN | HTN: 12.3%, DM: 12.9%
Smoking: 3.2%, overweight: 30%, obesity: 33.6%, regular exercise: 16% | 1-Y, 2-partly, 3-not entirely appropriate, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[61]
Oman | 2000 | 7011
M: 50%
F: 50% | ≥20 | A multistage stratified probability-sampling | Cross-sectional national survey | 83–91.5 | Current smokers: people who were smoking at the time of the survey and had smoked more than 100 cigarette in their life/former smokers: if they had smoked more than 100 cigarette in their life but no longer smoking/never smokers: if they had never smoked or had smoked less than 100 cigarette in their life | Current smoking: 7%
M 13.4%, F 0.5%
Former smokers: 2.3%
Never smokers: 90.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[62]
Oman | 2000 | 7179
M: 50%
F: 50% | ≥20 | A multistage stratified probability-sampling design | Cross-sectional national survey | 96 | The WHO criteria for glucose intolerance, HC, and HTN | DM: overall 11.6%
M 11.8%, F 11.3%, U 17.7%, R 10.5%
HTN: overall 21.5%
M 32.5%, F 22.7%, U 26.4%, R 20.2%
HC: overall 50.6%
M 50.8%, F 50.4%, U 50%, R 50.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[63]
Oman | 1991
and | 5086
M: 2128
F: 2958 | ≥20 | Convenient sampling | Cross-sectional surveys | 92 | Overweight and obesity were defined according to the WHO criteria | Overweight: in 1991 (M 28.8%, F 29.5%) in 2000 (M 32.1%, F 27.3%)
Obesity: in 1991 (M 10.5%, F
25.1%) in 2000 (M 16.7%, 23.8%) | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
| 2000 | 6400
M: 3069
F: 3331 | A multistage stratified probability-sampling design | 91 | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[64]
Oman | 2001 | 1421
M: 49%
F: 51% | ≥20 | A probabilistic random sampling | Community based cross-sectional study | 75.5 | DM: FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L or 2hG ≥11.1 mmol/L or on medication/HTN: SBP ≥130 mmHg and/or DBP ≥85 mmHg or on medication/TC: ≥5.2 mmol/L/TG: ≥1.69 mmol/L/HDL: <1.03 mmol/L or on medication for dyslipidaemia/current smokers: people who smoking at the time of the survey/physical activity at leisure time and/or at work | HTN (M 24.7%, F 13.8%)
DM (M 12.9%, F 11.9%)
HC (M 34.5%, F 34.5%)
TG (M 24.4%, F 13%)
HDL (M 75.9%, F 71.6%)
Inactivity (M 24.3%, F 69.3%)
Smoking (M 9.6%, F 0) | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[65]
Oman | 2008 | 40,179
M: 52%
F: 48% | ≥18 | A multistage stratified cluster sampling design | Community-based national cross-sectional survey | 93.5 | The WHO criteria for diagnosis HTN, HC, BMI, and DM were used | Overweight: overall 29.5%
M 31.2%, F 28%
Obesity: overall 24.1%
M 22%, F 26.1%
HTN: overall 40.3%
M 50.7%, F 31%
DM: overall 12.3%
M 12.4%, F 12.1%
HC: overall 33.6%
M 33.1%, F 33.9%
HDL: overall 35.2%
M 26.3%, F 42.7%
LDL: overall 32%
M 33%, F 31.2%
TG: overall 18%
M 21.6%, F 14.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[66]
Bahrain | 1995-1996 | 2013
M: 1168
F: 845 | 40–69 | Stratified sampling design | Cross-sectional national survey | 70 | Overweight and obesity: WHO criteria.
Physical activity was assessed by walking and cycling information: walkkm = 5 × walkwk (walking/day in average week) + walkkm (walking in weekend).
Cyclekm = 5 × cyclewk (cycling/day in average week) + cyclewe (cycling in weekend) | Age-adjusted prevalence of overweight:
M 39.9%, F 32.7%
Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity:
M 25.3%, F 33.2%
Physical activity:
21% of men and 6% of women aged 50–59 walked 1–3 km per day and 68% of men and 93% of women aged 50–59 walked less than 1 km per day | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[67]
Bahrain | 2002 | 514
M: 298
F: 216 | 30–79 | Probability cluster sampling design | Cross-sectional community-based survey | NR | DM was defined by self-reported past history of diabetes | DM: 9%
M 41.3%, F 58.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-not entirely appropriate, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[68]
Bahrain | 2001 | 514
M: 298
F: 216 | 30–79 | Probability cluster sampling design | Cross-sectional community-based survey | NR | Overweight and obesity were defined according to the WHO criteria | Overweight:
Overall 31%
M 35.2%, F 31%
Obesity:
Overall 48.7%
M 21.2%, F 48.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[69]
Bahrain | 1995-1996 | 2090
M: 1192
F: 834 | 40–69 | Stratified sampling design | Cross-sectional national survey | 62 | HTN: SBP ≥160 mmHg, DBP ≥95 mmHg or on antihypertensive | HTN:
M: 21% in 40–49 years, 29% in 50–59 years
F: 33% in 50–59 years, 43% in 60–69 years | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[70]
Bahrain | 1995-1996 | 2029
M & F = not clear | 40–69 | Stratified sampling design | Cross-sectional national epidemiological | 59–70 | DM was defined according to WHO criteria | DM:
M: 23% in 40–49 years, 29% in 50–59 years
F: 36% in age groups 50–59 and 37% 60–69 years | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[71]
Bahrain | 2000 | 516
M: 299
F: 217 | 30–79 | Random cluster-sampling design | Cross-sectional study | NR | Current smokers: a person smoking at least 1 cigarette per day regularly/ex-smokers: person who gave up smoking at least 6 months previously/nonsmoker: person who had never smoked regularly | Overall cigarette smoking:
(M 27.1%, F 3.2%)
Overall sheesha smoking:
(M 5%, F 17.5%)
Overall total smoking:
M 32.1%, F 20.7% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[72]
Bahrain | 1996 | 498
M: 174
F: 324 | ≥20 | Random selection from health care centres attendances | Cross-sectional study | 86.9 | DM was defined according to WHO criteria OR if the person had a previous history of DM | The prevalence of known diabetes subjects:
M: 18.4%/F: 16.7%
The prevalence of unknown diabetes:
M: 8%/F: 8.3%
The overall prevalence of diabetes: 25.5%
M: 26.4%/F: 25% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
