Households Sociodemographic Profile as Predictors of Health Insurance Uptake and Service Utilization: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Municipality of Ghana

Table 3

Logistic regression analysis of households’ profile and healthcare utilization.

Variable	Use of healthcare with NHIS
	Model 1 OR	95% CI	value	Model 2 AOR	95% CI	value
Continuous variable
Age
18–27	1.00			1.00
28–37	0.64	0.34, 1.18	0.15	0.51	0.05, 4.95	0.56
38–47	0.39	0.18, 0.84	0.05	0.18	0.12, 2.73	0.22
48–57	0.84	0.31, 2.23	0.73	0.28	0.02, 2.86	0.34
58+	2.81	0.79, 9.95	0.10	12.53	0.31, 493.09	0.17
Monthly income (GHC)^1
Below 200	1.00			1.00
200–500	2.00	1.09, 3.64	0.01	1.37	0.29, 8.49	0.39
500–1000	1.10	0.66, 1.82	0.70	0.39	0.07, 2.20	0.29
1000–1500	2.25	0.69, 7.30	0.17	1.01	0.04, 21.07	0.99
1500+	2.5	0.48, 12.88	0.27	1.00	-
Household size
1–3	1.00			1.00
4–6	0.72	0.38, 1.37	0.38	1.20	0.31, 4.39	0.78
7–9	0.65	0.32, 1.32	0.24	0.23	0.04, 1.36	0.11
Number of dependents
1–3	1.00			1.00
4–6	0.82	0.43, 1.53	0.53	0.73	0.20, 2.64	0.63
7–9	1.40	0.34, 5.68	0.63	0,09	0.003, 2.92	0.18
10+	1.00	0.22, 4.38	1.00	2.85	0.03, 162.01	0.61
Gender
Male	1.00			1.00
Female	1.16	1.17, 2.35	0.01	0.48	0.14, 1.61	0.23
Education
No formal education	1.00			1.00
Primary	1.76	0.73, 4.27	0.19	1.00
Secondary	1.82	0.82, 4.02	0.13	2.39	0.44, 12.80	0.30
Tertiary	2.44	1.20, 4.97	0.01	6.46	0.89, 46.41	0.05
Other	0.95	0.17, 5.28	0.95	4.92	0.63, 37.98	0.12
Marital status
Single	1.00			1.00
Married	1.47	1.00, 2.16	0.05	10.32	1.24, 85.94	0.05
Divorce	1.66	0.72, 3.80	0.22	6.89	0.86, 129.89	0.19
Widow	12.99	1.70, 99.37	0.01	20.49	0.63, 37.98	0.05
Occupation
None	1.00			1.00
Public sector	1.13	0.64, 1.98	0.66	0.42	0.04, 4.23	0.46
Farming	1.40	0.72, 2.71	0.32	1.20	0.09, 14.76	0.88
Trading	1.18	0.66, 2.08	0.56	0.47	0.03, 5.86	0.56
Apprenticeship	1.22	0.50, 2.94	0.65	3.24	0.18, 78.29	0.46
Self employed	4.00	2.06, 7.74	0.01	1.82	0.05, 65.81	0.74
Other	2.11	1.20, 3.69	0.01	1.00
Place of residence
Slum	1.00			1.00
Zongo	1.65	0.61, 4.41	0.31	10.32	1.24, 85.94	0.03
Old town	1.61	0.67, 3.88	0.28	6.89	0.36, 129.89	0.05
Peri-urban	3.20	1.13, 9.07	0.01	20.49	0.57, 736.36	0.05
Other	2.75	0.24, 30.51	0.41	1.00
Use NHIS [active]
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	1.67	0.95, 2.92	0.05	2.19	1.18, 4.07	0.01
Ethnic background
Denkyira	1.00			1.00
Other	0.75	0.45, 1.24	0.27	0.38	0.10, 1.46	0.16
Religion
Christianity	1.00			1.00
Islam	0.80	0.45, 1.45	0.466	1.18	0.23, 5.44	0.82

3.82 = USD 1, exchange rates from May 4, 2016; OR = odds ratio; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; outcome measures: use of healthcare; significance level: α = 0.01 and α = 0.05; OR and AOR for reference group were set as 1.0.