Community Involvement and Perceptions of the Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Strategy for Improving Health Outcomes in Ghana: Quantitative Comparative Evidence from Two System Learning Districts of the CHPS+ Project

Table 2

Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on involvement in CHPS.

Variables	Level of involvement		Chi-square (χ^2) ( value)	COR (95% CI) value	AOR (95% CI) value
	Low involvement	High involvement
District
Central Tongu	282 (54.8)	222 (45.0)		Ref.	Ref.
Nkwanta South	233 (45.2)	271 (55.0)	9.53 (0.002)	1.47 (1.15, 1.89) 0.002	1.51 (1.16, 1.96) 0.002
Sex
Male	209 (40.6)	232 (47.1)		Ref.	Ref.
Female	306 (59.4)	261 (52.9)	4.29 (0.038)	0.76 (0.59, 0.98) 0.038	0.75 (0.55, 1.00) 0.054
Age
<30	171 (33.2)	125 (25.3)		Ref.	Ref.
30–39	139 (27.0)	131 (26.6)		1.28 (0.92, 1.79) 0.134	1.02 (0.71, 1.48) 0.900
40–49	96 (18.6)	106 (21.5)		1.51 (1.05, 2.16) 0.025	1.21 (0.79, 1.82) 0.372
50+	109 (21.2)	131 (26.6)	9.42 (0.) 024	1.64 (1.16, 2.31) 0.005	1.18 (0.78, 1.79) 0.432
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	406 (78.8)	411 (83.3)		Ref.	Ref.
Divorced/separated	19 (3.7)	19 (3.9)		0.98 (0.51, 1.89) 0.971	0.98 (0.49, 1.94) 0.965
Widowed	20 (3.9)	23 (4.7)		1.13 (0.61, 2.10) 0.684	1.00 (0.52, 1.94) 0.992
Never married and never lived together	70 (13.6)	40 (8.1)	7.94 (0.047)	0.56 (0.37, 0.85) 0.007	0.67 (0.41, 1.09) 0.104
Educational level
None	137 (26.6)	149 (30.2)		Ref.	Ref.
Primary	103 (20.0)	94 (19.1)		0.83 (0.58, 1.20) 0.344	0.86 (0.58, 1.26) 0.441
JHS	169 (32.8)	178 (36.1)		0.96 (0.70, 1.32) 0.841	1.02 (0.72, 1.44) 0.933
SHS	80 (15.5)	52 (10.6)		0.59 (0.39,.90) 0.016	0.58 (0.36, 0.94) 0.026
Tertiary	26 (5.1)	20 (4.0)	7.39 (0.117)	0.70 (0.37, 1.32) 0.279	0.67 (0.23, 1.93) 0.461
Occupation
Unemployed	39 (7.6)	36 (7.4)		Ref.	Ref.
Trader	80 (15.5)	59 (11.9)		0.79 (0.45, 1.40) 0.436	0.53 (0.27, 1.03) 0.062
Farmer	296 (57.5)	330 (66.9)		1.20 (0.74, 1.95) 0.440	0.79 (0.43, 1.44) 0.439
Tradesman	33 (6.4)	33 (6.7)		1.08 (0.55, 2.09) 0.813	0.68 (0.31, 1.47) 0.325
Seamstress/hairdresser	37 (7.2)	14 (2.8)		0.40 (0.19, 0.87) 0.022	0.30 (0.13, 0.70) 0.005
Civil servant	30 (5.8)	21 (4.3)	16.62 (0.005)	0.75 (0.36, 1.55) 0.450	0.50 (0.17, 1.46) 0.205
Income (GHC)
Very (low<100)	133 (25.9)	105 (21.3)		Ref.	Ref.
Low (100–499)	312 (60.7)	295 (60.0)		1.19 (0.88, 1.61) 0.241	1.23 (0.86, 1.75) 0.254
High (500–999)	46 (8.9)	60 (12.2)		1.65 (1.04, 2.62) 0.033	1.79 (1.06, 3.04) 0.029
Very high (1000+)	23 (4.5)	32 (6.5)	6.61 (0.085)	1.76 (0.97, 3.19) 0.061	2.44 (1.21, 4.89) 0.012
NHIS status
Nonsubscriber	301 (58.5)	240 (48.7)		Ref.	Ref.
Subscriber	214 (41.5)	253 (51.3)	9.65 (0.002)	1.48 (1.15, 1.90) 0.002	1.67 (1.27, 2.19) <0.001