Determinants of Households’ Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: A Secondary Analysis of Eswatini 2010 and 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Table 2
Distribution of household characteristics by access to improved drinking water sources in each survey year.
Characteristic
2010 water sources
2014 water sources
Improved (weighted)
Unimproved (weighted)
value
Improved (weighted)
Unimproved (weighted)
value
Total
3582
1237
3488
1355
Prevalence
73.1 (71.8, 74.4)
26.9 (25.6, 28.2)
77.7 (76.4, 78.9)
22.3 (21.1, 23.6)
Age of the HH in years
<0.001
<0.001
15–34
1342 (36.2)
254 (19.9)
1025 (33.0)
277 (20.7)
35–54
1423 (39.2)
447 (36.8)
1414 (40.8)
506 (38.3)
55 and above
817 (24.6)
536 (43.3)
1049 (26.3)
572 (41.0)
Sex of HH
<0.001
<0.001
Male
2010 (55.8)
564 (45.5)
1916 (56.7)
632 (46.4)
Female
1572 (44.2)
673 (54.5)
1572 (43.3)
723 (53.6)
The highest education level of HH
<0.001
<0.001
No education
515 (15.9)
373 (30.0)
519 (12.6)
390 (27.6)
Primary
908 (26.1)
494 (40.0)
900 (23.7)
509 (38.1)
Secondary
785 (22.0)
218 (17.7)
743 (21.3)
260 (19.4)
High school
788 (20.8)
106 (8.5)
707 (23.8)
120 (9.2)
Tertiary
586 (15.2)
46 (3.9)
619 (18.6)
76 (5.8)
Household size
<0.001
<0.001
1–3
1996 (53.2)
427 (33.4)
1789 (56.0)
459 (34.3)
4–6
1028 (29.6)
468 (38.4)
1097 (29.7)
533 (38.7)
7 and more
558 (17.1)
342 (28.2)
602 (14.3)
363 (27.0)
Household wealth index
<0.001
<0.001
Poorest
312 (9.6)
462 (37.5)
416 (8.9)
560 (39.0)
Poor
438 (13.7)
283 (23.1)
571 (13.2)
364 (28.1)
Middle
656 (18.9)
248 (19.5)
700 (17.8)
275 (20.6)
Rich
847 (23.8)
174 (14.1)
791 (27.3)
119 (9.4)
Richest
1329 (34.0)
70 (5.8)
1010 (32.8)
37 (2.8)
Place of residence
<0.001
<0.001
Rural
1652 (55.9)
156 (9.1)
2248 (53.3)
1313 (95.7)
Urban
1930 (44.1)
1081 (90.9)
1240 (46.8)
42 (4.3)
Region
<0.001
<0.001
Hhohho
1061 (29.5)
171 (16.9)
1074 (26.8)
266 (20.3)
Manzini
1129 (37.2)
233 (23.6)
1071 (43.3)
269 (25.8)
Shiselweni
602 (14.5)
476 (35.4)
668 (11.4)
467 (27.7)
Lubombo
790 (18.8)
357 (24.2)
675 (18.5)
353 (26.3)
Notes: value < 0.05 for a chi-square test; Z-test value comparing two proportions is significant at <0.0001 (not shown); HH: household head; some percentages do not add to 100% due to rounding-off.
