Determinants of Households’ Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: A Secondary Analysis of Eswatini 2010 and 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Table 3
Bivariate and multivariate results of the determinants of households’ access to improved drinking water sources in 2010 and 2014.
Variables
The year 2010
The year 2014
Complementary log-log regression
Complementary log-log regression
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Age of the HH (years)
15–34
1
1
1
1
35–54
0.76 (0.70, 0.83)
0.87 (0.78, 0.97)
0.82 (0.75, 0.90)
0.93 (0.83, 1.04)
55 and above
0.52 (0.47, 0.58)
0.80 (0.70, 0.90)
0.62 (0.57, 0.69)
0.99 (0.87, 1.13)
Sex of the HH
Male
1
1
1
1
Female
0.79 (0.74, 0.86)
1.10 (0.91, 1.09)
0.81 (0.75, 0.87)
0.91 (0.83, 0.99)
The highest education level of the HH
No education
1
1
1
1
Primary
1.14 (1.02, 1.28)
0.92 (0.81, 1.04)
1.21 (1.08, 1.37)
1.01 (0.88, 1.16)
Secondary
1.66 (1.46, 1.87)
0.92 (0.80, 1.07)
1.66 (1.46, 1.87)
1.00 (0.85, 1.17)
High school
2.28 (2.01, 2.59)
0.95 (0.80, 1.11)
2.42 (2.13, 2.75)
1.09 (0.91, 1.30)
Tertiary
2.74 (2.37, 3.18)
0.99 (0.82, 1.21)
2.63 (2.29, 3.02)
0.84 (0.68, 1.03)
Household size
1–3
1
1
1
4–6
0.68 (0.62, 0.74)
0.89 (0.80, 0.98)
0.68 (0.63, 0.74)
0.88 (0.79, 0.97)
7 and more
0.58 (0.53, 0.65)
0.91 (0.80, 1.03)
0.55 (0.50, 0.61)
0.87 (0.76, 0.99)
Household wealth index
Poorest
1
1
1
Poor
1.83 (1.57, 2.13)
1.68 (1.44, 1.97)
0.50 (0.36, 0.64)
1.44 (1.25, 1.67)
Middle
2.46 (2.13, 2.83)
2.02 (1.74, 2.36)
0.86 (0.73, 0.99)
1.94 (1.68, 2.24)
Rich
3.27 (2.84, 3.76)
2.63 (2.25, 3.07)
1.41 (1.28, 1.55)
2.98 (2.55, 3.50)
Richest
5.36 (4.65, 6.18)
3.71 (3.11, 4.43)
1.85 (1.71, 1.99)
4.58 (3.76, 5.57)
Place of residence
Rural
1
1
1
1
Urban
2.70 (2.49, 2.91)
1.70 (1.54, 1.88)
3.40 (3.05, 3.79)
2.13 (1.87, 2.42)
Region
Hhohho
1
1
1
1
Manzini
0.95 (0.86, 1.06)
0.73 (0.65, 0.83)
1.12 (1.02, 1.23)
0.96 (0.86, 1.08)
Shiselweni
0.43 (0.38, 0.48)
0.53 (0.47, 0.61)
0.52 (0.46, 0.57)
0.67 (0.59, 0.75)
Lubombo
0.65 (0.58, 0.73)
0.67 (0.59, 0.76)
0.72 (0.65, 0.80)
0.73 (0.64, 0.84)
Observations
4819
4843
Model fit
AIC
4250.86
4495.19
BIC
4367.50
4611.93
Notes: COR=Crude odd ratio, AOR = Adjusted odds ratio, significant at , and HH = household head.
