Prevalence and Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight and Preterm Delivery in the Ho Municipality of Ghana

Table 3

Association between sociodemographic, obstetric characteristics, maternal health conditions, and the odds of low birth weight.

Characteristic	Low birth weight (N = 88), n (%)	COR (95% CI), value model I	AOR (95% CI), value model II
Age (years)
< 20	17 (19.3)	Ref.	Ref.
20–34	56 (63.6)	0.47 (0.25, 0.85), 0.013	0.52 (0.28, 0.98), 0.043
35–49	15 (17.1)	0.59 (0.27, 1.28), 0.183	0.65 (0.29, 1.43), 0.286
Educational level
No formal education	12 (13.6)	Ref.
Primary school	14 (15.9)	1.44 (0.63,3.32), 0.391
JSS/JHS/middle school	31 (35.2)	1.04 (0.51, 2.13), 0.907
SHS/SSS/vocational	21 (23.9)	1.17 (0.54, 2.50), 0.691
University	10 (11.4)	0.66 (0.27, 1.60), 0.359
Occupation
Unemployed	21 (23.9)	Ref.
Private sector	58 (65.9)	0.92 (0.54, 1.59), 0.778
Public sector	9 (10.2)	0.57 (0.24, 1.30), 0.182
Marital status
Single	41 (46.6)	Ref.
Married	47 (53.4)	0.56 (0.36, 8.88), 0.012
Parity
Nulliparous	38 (43.2)	Ref.	Ref.
Primiparous	24 (27.3)	0.71 (0.41, 1.23), 0.219	0.74 (0.42, 1.29), 0.291
Multiparous	22 (25.0)	0.50 (0.29, 0.88), 0.016	0.54 (0.30, 0.94), 0.031
Grand multiparous	4 (5.5)	0.89 (0.29, 2.74), 0.846	0.84 (0.23, 2.55), 0.757
Gravidity
Primigravida	28 (31.8)	Ref.
Multigravida	60 (68.2)	0.71 (0.43, 1.16), 0.174
Delivery type
Normal/vaginal	62 (70.4)	Ref.	Ref.
Caesarean section	26 (29.6)	1.76 (1.07, 2.90), 0.025	1.94 (1.16, 3.27), 0.012
Vacuum extraction	0 (0.0)	1.52 (0.07, 3.21), 0.786	1.96 (0.09, 4.20), 0.666
SP/IPTp dosage
< 3	40 (45.4)	Ref.	Ref.
3	32 (36.4)	0.69 (0.42, 1.15), 0.153	0.91 (0.52, 1.60), 0.739
> 3	16 (18.2)	0.34 (0.18, 0.63), 0.001	0.43 (0.22, 0.84), 0.013
ANC visits
< 4 visits	12 (13.6)	Ref.
4 visits	16 (18.2)	1.39 (0.61, 3.17) 0.428
> 4 visits	60 (68.2)	0.74 (0.38, 1.45) 0.380
Hepatitis B infection
Negative	81 (92.1)	Ref.
Positive	7 (7.9)	2.13 (0.89, 5.14) 0.090
Syphilis infection
Negative	85 (96.6)	Ref.
Positive	3 (3.4)	6.93 (1.38, 34.89) 0.019
Hypertension status
Normotensive	53 (60.2)	Ref.	Ref.
Hypertensive	35 (39.8)	1.98 (1.24, 3.16) 0.004	2.06 (1.27, 3.33), 0.003
Anaemia status
Normal	35 (39.8)	Ref.
Anaemic	53 (60.2)	1.28 (0.81, 2.03) 0.278
Sickling status
Negative	70 (79.5)	Ref.
Positive	18 (20.5)	1.28 (0.73, 2.24) 0.388
Malaria infection
Negative	60 (68.2)	Ref.	Ref.
Positive	28 (31.8)	2.11 (1.28, 3.47) 0.003	1.50 (0.86, 2.64), 0.156