Advances in Public Health

Review Article

A Critical Review of Social Exclusion and Inclusion among Immigrant and Refugee Women

Table 2

Studies and reports related to immigrant and refugee women and men.
Author, year, countryPurpose and methodsPopulationSocial determinants of exclusionSocial inclusionary processes
D&S&I&E&P&MicroαMesoαMacroα
Ajrouch, 2008 [51], the United StatesAssociations and measures of social isolation, loneliness, acculturation, and support.
Secondary data analysis		N = 101. Arab American immigrants. Age range: 56 and older. 56% female√√
Anucha et al., 2006, [52], CanadaExamine the structure and types of social capital, how gender and other variables mediate access, and outcomes of access and use of social capital in Windsor, Ontario.
Mixed methods: Quantitative survey; Qualitative interviews with key stakeholder organizations and women		N = 300, East Asian, African/Caribbean, South Asian, and West Asian/Middle Eastern women and men. N = 22, settlement organizations. N = 20, immigrant women (age: 23–50)√√√√√√√√√√
Chen et al., 2017 [53], AustraliaRelationship between social integration and physical and mental health.
Secondary data analysis		N = 2,399. Humanitarian migrant adults, refugees, and individuals seeking asylum. Age: 35.5 mean age. 46% female√√√√
Curtin et al., 2017 [54], the United StatesMeaning of home among immigrants aging out of place.
Qualitative interviews		N = 17. Hispanic immigrants. Age: 65–83. 11 females√√
Danso, 2002, [55], CanadaInitial settlement needs and experiences.
Mixed methods: (1) qualitative interviews; quantitative survey		N = 115. Ethiopian and Somali refugees. Mean age: 33.3 years. 44% female√√√√√
Gronseth, 2006 [56], Northern NorwayHealth and sickness as embedded in social life and cultural values. Qualitative interviewsN = 100 for fieldwork. N = 2 case samples. Tamil refugees. Case study 1 : 1 female. Case study 2 : 1 male. Age: Not reported√√√√
Hellgren, 2019 [57], Stockholm and BarcelonaRelationships to place on mitigating negative effects of rejection felt by racialized immigrants and minorities.
Qualitative interviews		N = 60 immigrants: N = 30 in Stockholm; N = 30 in Barcelona.
N = 21 stakeholder interviews. Equal men/women. Age: Not reported		√√√
Higginbottom et al., 2014 [58], EnglandHealth and social care needs.
Qualitative focus groups and interviews		Phase 1: N = 51. Horn of African Blind Society, service providers, Somali community groups. Phase 2 and 3: N = 37. Visually impaired Somali refugees and informal carers. Age: 30+. No gender distribution√√√
Hout et al., 2013 [59], CanadaChallenges of integration faced by French-speaking immigrants.
Qualitative(ethnography) interviews		N = 8. French-speaking immigrants (4 males and 4 females). Age: 18–65√
Ip et al., 2007 [60], AustraliaExplore problems encountered by older women in daily and social lives.
Mixed methods: qualitative focus groups; quantitative survey		N = 74 (44 were women). Chinese immigrants. Age: 60+√√
Khvorostianov and Remennick, 2017 [61], IsraelPerceptions and practices of volunteering. Qualitative interviewsN = 21. Russian immigrants. Age: 49–90. 17 females√√√√√
Kim and Hocking, 2016, [62], New ZealandAdjustments to a new environment.
Qualitative interviews		N = 25. Korean immigrants. Age: 32–58. 15 females√√√√√
Kim and Kim, 2013 [63], the United StatesCharacteristics of stress-related growth as a result of acculturative stress. Qualitative interviewsN = 13. Korean immigrants. Age : 65–82. 6 females√√√√√√
Kislev, 2017 [64], IsraelEffect of individual and country characteristics, social and policy environment on economic outcomes. Literature reviewN = 7. Western European immigrants√√
Lee et al., 2014 [65], the United StatesFactors that contribute to poverty among immigrant older adults.
Literature review		N = 3,820. Korean immigrants. Age: 65+√√
Lightman and Gingrich, 2012 [66], CanadaSocial characteristics and personal attributes that intersect to direct divergent economic realities.
Secondary data analysis		N = 38,000 total, 4,300 immigrants. Visible minority immigrants, Canadian-born individuals. Age: 18–64. Gender Distribution: N/A√
Lightman and Gingrich, 2018 [67], CanadaPatterns of economic exclusion in Canada’s labor market.
Secondary data analysis		N = 32,870. Visible minority, white and nonwhite immigrants, and Canadian-born individuals. Age: 18–64. 47.74% female√√√
Montesanti et al., 2017 [68], CanadaEngagement of marginalized populations and plan health services and programs. Qualitative case studies and key informant interviewsN = 28. Low-German-speaking immigrants, refugee women, and francophone seniors. Community Health Centre staff. Age: Not reported. Gender Distribution: N/A√√√
Neville et al., 2018 [69], New ZealandSocially inclusive communities for older immigrants.
Integrative review		10 papers reviewed. Immigrants. Age: 62–93. Gender distribution: N/A√√√√
Park, 2015, [70], the United StatesImportance of ethnic identity in understanding racial and ethnic experiences.
Qualitative interviews		N = 16. Korean immigrants. Age: 41–55. 62% female√√√
Park and Kim, 2013 [71], New ZealandExperiences and intergenerational family relationships.
Qualitative interviews		N = 10. Korean immigrants. Age range: 71–88. 5 females√√
Sakamoto, 2007, [72], CanadaExperiences with the settlement process and social services. Qualitative interviewsN = 52. Skilled immigrants/spouses (32 women; 20 men). Age: 29–54√√√
Simich et al.,2010 [73], CanadaExamines family and social factors that affect mental health and analyzes the concept of home.
Qualitative interviews		Study 1: N = 220. Study 2: N = 30. Sudanese refugees. Age range: 20–60. Gender distribution: N/A√√√√
Stewart et al., 2008 [74], CanadaExplore the experiences of Chinese and Somali immigrants in new settlement country. Qualitative interviewsN = 120. Chinese (N = 60) and Somali immigrants (N = 60) from Edmonton, Vancouver, and Toronto√√√√√
Stodolska et al.,2007 [75], the United StatesExamines leisure enclosure acts as a drawback or resource to economic achievement.
Qualitative focus groups		N = 204. Korean immigrants. Age: 18–81. 43% females√√√
Wali, and Renzaho, 2018 [76], AustraliaExplores the impact of social and cultural changes, how migrants cope, and the role of social capital in the settlement.
Mixed Methods: Phase (1) Quantitative survey. Phase (2) Qualitative interviews		N = 164. Refugee and migrant families; Afghanistan, Sub-Saharan African countries, Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal, India. Age: 18–80. ∼50% females√√√√
Wilson-Forsberg and Sethi, 2015 [77], CanadaExamine common volunteering to obtain relevant skills for employment. Combined findings from two studies.
Qualitative focus groups		N = 16 (69% female) Latin American immigrants, Brantford and Cambridge; N = 20 visible minority immigrant women, Grand Erie√√√
Wright-St Clair and Nayar, 2017 [78], New ZealandExamines how participation contributes to civic society. Qualitative (grounded theory) interviewsN = 74. Chinese, Indian, and Korean immigrants. Age: 55+√√√
Social environment (SE); Social support (SS); Language ability (LA); Discrimination & racism (D&R); Settlement and identity (S&I); Education and credentials (E&C); Program and services (P&S). α micro; social capital; meso; social and civic participation (S&C); macro; policies and settlement programs.