Multilevel and Urban Health Modeling of Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus: A New Insight into Public Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 1

Participants characteristics by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus for survey years 2002–2004 and 2008–2010.

Variables	2002–2004		2008–2010
	( = 8,567)		( = 8,747)		value
	Mean, %	(SEM/P)^a	Mean, %	(SEM/P)^a
Continuous var., mean (SEM)
Age, years	45.84	(0.20)	47.21	(0.19)	<0.0001
Body mass index^b, Kg/m^2	27.45	(0.07)	28.04	(0.07)	<0.0001
Categorical var., % (SEP)
Male	44.73	(0.63)	44.78	(0.67)	0.96
Race/ethnicity
White	45.76	(0.63)	42.98	(0.65)	0.001
Black	40.37	(0.61)	41.23	(0.65)
Others	13.88	(0.39)	15.79	(0.53)
Diabetes mellitus	10.52	(0.38)	13.20	(0.41)	<0.0001

SEM: standard error of mean; SEP: standard error of proportion.
Body mass index (BMI): weight (kg)/height (m) height (m).