Multilevel and Urban Health Modeling of Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus: A New Insight into Public Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 3

Odds ratios (95 CI%) for the likelihood of neighborhoods (NBH) with higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) versus NBHs with lower prevalence of DM.

		NBHs with DM rate
Models	Adjusted for	13.98% versus <13.98%		% of excess; DM rate; accounted
		OR	(95% CI)
M1^a	Age, sex, and survey years	1.824	(1.63–2.04)	—
M2	M1 + race/ethnicity	1.570	(1.40–1.76)	30.83
M3	M1 + education	1.726	(1.54–1.93)	11.89
M4^b	M1 + 3 behavior risk factors	1.790	(1.60–2.00)	4.13
M5	M1 + overweight and obese	1.673	(1.49–1.88)	18.33
M6^c	M1 + PSE index	1.724	(1.54–1.93)	12.14
M7	M3–M6 (all preventable factors)	1.560	(1.39–1.75)	32.04
M8	All covariates in M2–M6	1.403	(1.24–1.58)	51.09

M1: adjusted for age (years), sex (1 = M, 2 = W), and survey years (period 2 versus 1).
M4: 3 behavioral risk factors: smoking status, physical activity, and vegetable/fruit intake.
PSE index: physical and social environmental index (towards worse).