Advances in Preventive Medicine / 2018 / Article / Tab 4 / Research Article
Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Table 4 Epidemiologic risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus colonization among elementary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018.
Characteristics Number ( ) Overall Staphylococcus aureus isolates No. ( ) positive for S. aureus No. ( ) negative for S. aureus Crude OR (95 CI) P value Adjusted OR (95 CI) P value Residence Urban 345 (55.47) 83 (24.06) 262 (75.94) 0.87 0.48 - - Rural 277 (44.53) 60 (21.66) 217 (78.34) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Sex Male 317 (51) 79 (24.92) 238 (75.08) 0.8 0.244 - - Female 305 (49) 64 (20.98) 241(79.02) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Age in years 6-10 years 221 (35.5) 48 (21.72) 173 (78.28) 1.20 0.599 - - 10-15 years 345 (55.5) 81 (23.48) 264 (76.52) 1.09 0.804 - - > 15 years 56 (9.0) 14 (25) 42 (75) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Educational status Grade 1-4 308 (49.5) 71 (23.05) 237 (76.95) 0.99 0.971 - - Grade 5-8 314 (50.5) 72 (22.93) 242 (77.07) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Family’s monthly income <500 birr 295 (47.4) 59 (20) 236 (80) 1.51 0.056 1.38 0.214 500-1000 birr 130 (20.9) 30 (23.08) 100 (76.92) 1.26 0.380 1.13 0.66 >1000 birr 197 (31.7) 54 (27.41) 143 (72.59) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) Family size category 2-5 301 (48.4) 62 (20.6) 239 (79.40) 1.30 0.17 1.33 0.148 >5 321 (51.6) 81 (25.23) 24 0 (74.77) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) No. of students in classroom category 21-40 75 (12.06) 19 (25.3) 56 (74.7) 0.38 0.046 0.38 0.046 41-60 486 (78.14) 117 (24.1) 369 (75.9) 0.41 (0.18-0.9 0.031 0.41 0.031 >60 61 (9.8) 7 (11.5) 54 (88.5) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) History of chronic disease Yes 77 (12.4) 18 (23.38) 59 (76.62) 1.03 0.931 - - No 545 (87.6) 125 (22.94) 420 (77.06) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of hospitalization Yes 100 (16.1) 23 (23) 77 (77) 1.00 0.998 - - No 522 (83.9) 120 (22.99) 402 (77.01) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of surgery Yes 39 (6.3) 9 (23) 30 (77) 1.01 0.989 - - No 583 (93.7) 134 (21.27) 449 (77.02) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of visit hospitals/clinic Yes 299 (48.1) 71 (23.75) 228 (76.25) 1.09 0.667 - - No 323 (51.9) 72 (22.29) 251 (77.71) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of contact with health care worker Yes 71 (11.4) 18 (25.35) 53 (74.65) 1.16 0.616 - - No 551 (88.6) 125 (22.69) 426 (77.31) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of antibiotic usage in the past 4 weeks Yes 93 (15.0) 20 (21.51) 73 (78.5) 0.90 0.712 - - No 529 (85.0) 123 (23.21) 406 (76.75) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Adherence to antibiotic therapy Completed 73 (11.7) 13 (17.81) 60 (82.19) 1.406 0.291 - - Not completed 18 (2.9) 6 (33.33) 12 (66.67) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - History of respiratory infection Yes 91 (14.6) 22 (24.18) 69 (75.82) 1.08 0.771 - - No 531 (85.4) 121 (22.79) 410 (77.21) 1(ref) 1(ref) - - Mothers’ educational status Unable to read & write 271 (43.6) 57(21.033) 214 (78.97) 1.2 0.039 1.57 0.253 Informal education 68 (10.9) 17 (25) 51 (75) 1.594 0.256 1.49 0.371 Primary school 153 (24.6) 35 (22.88) 118 (77.12) 1.79 0.102 1.47 0.299 Secondary school 81 (13.0) 17 (20.99) 64 (79.01) 2.0 0.087 1.68 0.217 Above grade 12 49 (7.9) 17 (34.69) 32 (65.30) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) Fathers’ educational status Unable to read & write 211 (33.9) 41 (19.43) 170 (80.57) 1.98 0.031 1.98 0.039 Informal education 97 (15.6) 28 (28.87) 69 (71.13) 1.18 0.640 1.18 0.715 Primary school 146 (23.5) 31 (21.23) 115 (78.77) 1.77 0.087 1.77 0.105 Secondary school 103 (16.6) 22 (21.36) 81 (78.64) 1.76 0.115 1.78 0.132 Above grade 12 65 (10.5) 21 (32.31) 44 (67.69) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref) 1(ref)
Note : ref: reference; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.
