Diabetes and Diabetes Care among Nonobese Japanese-Americans: Findings from a Population-Based Study
Table 1
Descriptive variables characteristics and odds of having diabetes (OR) of nonobese Japanese-American and non-Hispanic White cohorts from the 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 CHIS (n=121,946).
White (n = 119,651)
Japanese (n = 2,295)
p-value
Complete Model OR (95% CI)
p-value
Without Diabetes
95.5%
92.0%
0.0003
Non-Hispanic White (Ref.)
1.00
With Diabetes
4.5%
8.0%
Japanese Americans
2.08 (1.49, 2.90)
<0.001
Demographics
Demographics
Gender
Gender
Male
48.3%
41.3%
0.02
Female (Ref.)
1.00
Female
51.8%
58.7%
Male
1.50 (1.32, 1.70)
<0.001
Age
Age
Mean (95% CI)
49.23 ± 0.23 (49.0-49.5)
49.9 ± 1.03 (47.9-51.9)
0.86
(by Decade) †
1.61 (1.55, 1.68)
<0.001
Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic Status
Education
Education
No Post-Secondary Degree
43.8%
34.0%
<0.0001
Post-Secondary Degree (Ref.)
1.00
Post-Secondary Degree
56.2%
66.0%
No Post-Secondary Degree
1.41 (1.24, 1.60)
<0.001
Poverty Level
Poverty Level
Not In Poverty
92.7%
93.1%
0.866
Not In Poverty (Ref.)
1.00
In Poverty
7.3%
6.9%
In Poverty
1.51 (1.17, 1.93)
<0.001
Health Variables
Health Variables
Lifetime Smoking
Lifetime Smoking
Less than 100 Cigarettes
57.6%
69.7%
<0.0001
Less than 100 Cigarettes (Ref.)
1.00
100 or more Cigarettes
42.4%
30.3%
100 or more Cigarettes
1.19 (1.02, 1.38)
0.02
Nativity
Nativity
US-born
89.9%
74.5%
<0.0001
US-born (Ref.)
1.00
Foreign-born
10.1%
25.5%
Foreign-born
1.03 (0.83, 1.28)
0.79
Exercise
Exercise
Less than Moderate Exercise
28.7%
36.1%
0.003
Less than Moderate Exercise
1.14 (1.01, 1.30)
0.04
Moderate Exercise
71.3%
63.9%
Moderate Exercise (Ref.)
1.00
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI< 25 (Ref)
55.1%
68.6%
<0.0001
BMI< 25 (Ref)
1.00
BMI >=25, <30
44.9%
31.4%
BMI >=25, <30
1.81 (1.57, 2.08)
<0.001
† Age was divided by 10 and can be interpreted as odds for diabetes by decade. All variables in the table were included in the logistic regression analysis.
