Spatial Pattern and Associated Factors of ANC Visits in Ethiopia: Spatial and Multilevel Modeling of Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Data
Table 5
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis result of both individual- and community-level factors associated with ANC visits in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Individual- and community-level factors
Models
Null model AOR (95%CI)
Model II AOR (95%CI)
Model III AOR (95%CI)
Model IV AOR (95%CI)
Mother’s age
<20 years
1
1
20–34 years
0.72(0.55,0.94)
0.81 (0.62,1.06)
35–49 years
0.85(0.61,1.19)
1.07 (0.77, 1.50)
Household head
Male
1
1
Female
1.17(0.97,1.41)
1.13 (0.94, 1.37)
Religion
Orthodox
1
1
Muslim
1.62 (1.26,2.07)
0.70 (0.52, 0.96)
Protestant
2.15 (1.63,2.84)
1.36 (0.99, 1.87)
Others
4.01 (2.41,6.66
2.52 (1.51,4.20)
Mother’s education
Unable to read and write
1
1
Primary education
0.53 (0.44,0.64)
0.59 (0.49, 0.71)
Secondary education
0.34 (0.22,0.51)
0.45 (0.30, 0.70)
Higher education
0.095 (0.038,0.23))
0.15 (0.06, 0.38)
Husband’s education
Unable to read and write
1
1
Primary education
0.63 (0.53,0.74)
0.68 (0.57,0.80)
Secondary education
0.44 (0.33,0.60)
0.50 (0.37, 0.67)
Higher education
0.63 (0.43,0.94)
0.70 (0.47, 1.05)
Mother’s occupation
Working
1
1
Not working
1.13 (0.96,1.31)
1.07 (0.92, 1.26)
Husband’s occupation
Working
1
1
Not working
1.02 (0.85,1.31)
0.99 (0.82, 1.19)
Distance to HF
Not a big problem
1
1
A big problem
0.65 (0.56,0.76)
0.76 (0.65, 0.89)
Media exposure
No media exposure
1
1
Has media exposure
0.83 (0.70, 0.99)
0.93 (0.78, 1.11)
Birth order
1
1
1
2–4
1.36 (1.04, 1.78)
1.35 (1.03, 1.76)
≥ 5
1.59 (1.12, 2.27)
1.56 (1.09, 2.23)
Parity
≤ 2
1
1
2–5
1.02 (0.82, 1.28)
0.98 (0.78, 1.23)
≥ 5+
1.13(0.81, 1.56)
1.01 (0.73, 1.40)
Wealth index
Poor
1
1
Middle
0.65 (0.53, 0.79)
0.71 (0.58,0.88)
Rich
0.46 (0.37, 0.58)
0.65(0.51, 0.82)
Residence
Urban
1
1
Rural
3.44 (2.28, 5.19)
2.38(1.54, 3.66)
Region
Addis Ababa
1
1
Tigray
0.42 (0.184, 0.97)
0.35 (0.13,0.96)
Afar
4.16 (2.04, 10.39)
4.10 (1.54., 10.93)
Amhara
1.96 (0.88, 4.39)
1.58 (0.60, 4.14)
Oromia
3.95 (1.79, 8.71)
3.73 (1.44,9.63)
Somali
6.00 (2.72, 13.22)
5.20 (2.55,13.61)
Benishangul
1.43 (0.63,3.27)
1.38 (.52, 3.66)
SNNPR
1.57 (0.71, 3.48)
1.22 (0.47, 3.20)
Gambella
3.83 (1.71, 8.60)
2.95 (1.11,7.85)
Harari
2.12 (0.91, 4.94)
2.64(0.96, 7.23)
Dire Dawa
0.95(0.39,2.28)
1.07(0.37,3.02)
Community distance to HF
A big problem
1
1
Not a big problem
0.67 (0.52, 0.87)
0.76 (0.58,0.99)
Community media exposure
Low
1
1
High
0.58 (0.44, 0.76)
0.68 (0.52, 0.89)
Community poverty status
High
1
1
Low
0.70(0.52, .93)
0.92 (0.68,1.24)
Community women education
Low
1
1
High
0.52 (0.40, 0.68)
0.64 (0.49, 0.83)
Random effects
ICC
0.48.(0.43, 0.52)
PCV
Ref
59%
69%
72%
MOR
5.30
2.90
2.51
2.38
Others: Catholic and traditional religion, AOR : adjusted odds ratio, and HF : health facility. value ≤ 0.05, value = 0.01, value = 0.001.
