Therapeutic Properties of Stingless Bee Honey in Comparison with European Bee Honey

Table 1

Different physicochemical characteristics of European bee honey and stingless bee honey.

Physicochemical properties	European bee Honeys		Stingless bee honeys
	Tualang honey, Apis dorsata [28–30]	Manuka honey, Apis mellifera [31, 32]	Trigona spp. [6, 8, 27]
Appearance	Dark brown	Light dark brown	Amber brown
Moisture content (%)	23.30	18.70	25.00–31.00
pH	3.55–4.00	3.20–4.20	3.15–4.66
Total reducing sugars (%)	67.60	75.80	54.90–87.00
Glucose (%)	29.50	35.90	8.10–31.00
Fructose (%)	29.60	40.00	31.11–40.20
Sucrose (%)	0.60	2.80	0.31–1.26
Maltose (%)	7.85	1.20	ND
Calcium (%)	0.18	1.15	0.017
Potassium (%)	0.51	1.00	0.07
Sodium (%)	0.26	0.0008	0.012
Magnesium (%)	0.11	1.00	0.004
Specific gravity	1.34	1.39	ND
Electrical conductivity (mS/cm)	0.75–1.37	0.53	0.49–8.77
Hydroxymethylfurfural HMF (mg/kg)	46.17	400.00	8.80–69.00
Ash content (g/100 g)	0.19	0.03	0.01–0.12

ND: not detected.