Astragalin: A Bioactive Phytochemical with Potential Therapeutic Activities

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory activities of astragalin in vitro and in vivo.

Assay	Organism tested	Dose/concentration	Molecular targets	References
LPS-induced mouse mastitis	Mouse mastitis	10, 25, and 50 mg/kg	TNF-α^↓, IL-1β^↓, IL-6^↓, p65^┴, and IκBα^┴	[92]
LPS-induced endotoxemia and lung injury in mice	Mice (lung)	25, 50, and 75 mg/kg	TNF-α^┴, IL-1β^┴, and IL-6^┴	[122]
LPS-induced macrophages in mice	Mouse cells	1–100 µg/mL	iNOS^↓, COX-2^↓,TNF-α^↓, IL-1β^↓, IL-6^↓, MIP-1α^↓, MCP-1^↓, NF-κB p65^┴, IκBα^┴, and NO^┴	[127]
LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.	Mice (RAW 264.7 cells)	1, 10, and 100 M	NO^↓ and TNF-α^↓	[37]
Inhibitory activity on the histamine release by KU812 cells	KU812 cells	10 to 30 mol/L	IL-4^↓, IL-13^↓, and (IFN-γ) no effect	[12]
LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells	Mice (RAW 264.7 cells)		NO^┴, IL-6^┴, and PGE2^┴	[33]
P. gingivalis-induced human gingival epithelial (HGE) cells	Human gingival epithelial cells		COX-2^┴, IL-6^┴, IL-8^┴, MMP-1^┴, MMP-3^┴, PGE-2^┴, and IL-4^┴	[125]
Anti-inflammatory effects on Leptospira interrogans-induced inflammatory response	Uterine and endometrial epithelial cells of mice	100 g/mL	TNF-α^┴, IL-1β^┴, IL-6^┴, NF-κB^↓, p38^┴, p-p38 MAPK^↓, ERK^┴, JNK^┴, and p-p65^↓	[124]
Protective effects against ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced allergic inflammation	Mouse model of allergic asthma	0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg	SOCS-3^┴, SOCS-5^┴, and IFN-γ^↑	[126]
Alleviation in hepatic fibrosis function	Diabetic rats and nondiabetic rats		PAR2^┴, IL-1β^↓, IL-6^↓, TNF-α^↓, and TGF-β1^┴	[128]
Prevention from atopic dermatitis	NC/Nga mice	1.5 mg/kg	IgE^↓	[87]

^↑Upregulation; ^↓downregulation; ^┴inhibition.