Ethanolic extract demonstrates higher inhibitory activity compared with the hexane. The lower the value, the better the plants’ ability to scavenge free radicals
With IC50 values of 21.4, 24.2, and 54.3 g/mL for methanolic, aqueous, and ethanolic leaf extracts, respectively, the activity demonstrated good antioxidant capacity in terms of radical scavenging activity. The leaf extracts’ reducing power was discovered to be concentration dependent
The activity of the leaf aqueous and ethanolic extracts was 30 and 91 at a concentration of 0.5 mL, respectively, while that of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the bark was 44 and 70, respectively
6–12–24–48 h were all used in the fermentation process. Fermented seed extracts had substantially higher phenolic, vitamin C, and total carotenoid contents and antioxidant activity than unfermented samples at
A dose-dependent inhibition was seen in distilled water and methanol leaf extract. However, the proportion of free radical inhibition in the n-butanol fraction was greater than that in the other fractions
The results show that leaf polyphenols, when added to the test system in varying amounts, have antioxidant activity. Similarly, after only 10 minutes, a scavenging capacity of 40.00 was achieved using four different concentrations of phenolic compounds. After the first 10 minutes of incubation, the scavenging capacity remained the same in all cases
When compared with the benchmark of 100 μg/mL, the scavenging activity of the leaf extract was 96%. With an increase in the concentration, there is a simultaneous rise in scavenging activity
In addition to reducing ulcer size and reducing colitis indicators, pretreatment with the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) at various dosages slowed the progression of inflammation and prevented mucosal damage. In comparison with the reference medicine, mesalazine (MLZ), ZFE (400 mg/kg) therapy reduced inflammatory colonic damage more significantly
Substantially and dose-dependently reduced sepsis-induced liver and spleen damage, according to our findings. These findings imply that, through eliciting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, they could be used to treat sepsis
It effectively enhanced mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and decreased oxidative stress as well as vascular cell inflammation in adipocyte CM. Obesity progression and metabolic inflammatory pathogenesis associated with age were successfully decreased by ZS-Ag-NPs’ molecular mechanical activity
In all models, except the tail-flick test, where the activity was not statistically significant, the percentage exhibits some amount of dose-related effect
Pretreatment with nanoparticles improved histological parameters such as little infiltration and fibrosis, low pleomorphism, and reduced hepatocytes and degeneration
Healing with histological alterations, however, the group treated with leaf extract had the greatest improvement
Ointment had a better cellular response to the inflammatory process than the other group in which re-epithelialization appears early in the healing process
Ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous
Leaves, stem bark, fruits
The extract at the concentration of 100 mg/mL was found to have activity against some of the tested strain with methanolic extract having a minimum MIC at 6.25 μg/mL. These findings offer promising preliminary evidence for the use of crude extracts in the treatment of bacterial infections
It also stopped the tested strain from growing. However, there was no evidence of analgesic or diuretic action. Surface activity was seen in the aqueous extract of the leaves, with a threshold micelle concentration of 0.25 percent w/v
With an MIC value of 0.25 mg/mL, Escherichia coli was found to be the most vulnerable bacterium to the extract, while Staphylococcus aureus was discovered to be the most resistant strain with an MIC value of 1.00 mg/mL. To summarize, the plant’s leaves might be used in food processing and further investigated for the treatment of microbial illnesses
The extract exhibited substantial action against all tested MDR strains. Besides, its polyphenol component demonstrated a stronger impact. Furthermore, the entire extract MIC varied between 3.125 and 12.5 mg/mL and MBC was 3.125–25 mg/mL against prior strains. While the polyphenol fraction, MIC and MBC were around 0.312–1.25 mg/mL and 0.312–2.5 mg/mL, respectively
The results showed that both crystals have antibacterial ability against the tested strains, with SeONPs having stronger antimicrobial activity than ZnONPs
At 11, 10, 8, and 8 mm, it was active against the tested strains. The findings of this study have established scientific validity for the use of this seed oil in herbal medicine to treat bacteria-related diseases
Both extracts were discovered to be potent antibacterial agents against all microorganisms tested. At concentrations of 128, 100, 64, and 32 mg/L, inhibitory action was measured. At 128 mg/L, the ethanolic extract exhibited the maximum activity of 21 mm against Salmonella sp., whereas the methanolic extract had the lowest activity of 9 mm against Escherichia coli
At doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/mL, the average diameter of the inhibitory zone was 0 to 17 mm. At 30 mg/mL, it is highly effective against all used bacterial strains. With Staphylococcus aureus, the largest inhibitory zone diameter was 17 mm
At , there was a notable increase in activity. Gram-positive bacteria were more vulnerable to this extract than gram-negative bacteria, according to these findings
Overall, the research found that the fruit extract possessed Gram-negative bacteria that have no antibacterial action, while moderate antibacterial activity was shown against gram-positive bacteria. The discovered actions, however, were not noteworthy compared with antibiotics
The ethanolic leaf extract had the highest activity against S. aureus at 18 mm, while the aqueous extract had the lowest activity against B. subtilis at 13 mm
The extract revealed activity via secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Significant influences on microbial growth harmed energy metabolism, leading to fat accumulation and protein inhibition
All of the bacterial strain tested were sensitive to plant extracts. Except for Enterobacter aerogenes, the bark extract was the most effective against all bacteria
These extracts demonstrated inhibitory activity at various stages of germination; the first stage had 22 mm inhibitory activity against S. faecalis and 20 mm against S. aureus, and 15 mm inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa. The second stage exhibits 15 mm against S. faecalis, 14 mm against P. aeruginosa, and 10 mm against S. aureus
B. cereus 15, C. perfringens 12, L. monocytogenes 11, S. aureus 10, P. vulgaris 8.5, and V. parahaemolyticus 8 mm, respectively, were tested. The extract had no discernible effect on the remaining strains tested
With a probability activity value of more than 0.300, PASS analysis revealed that 15 compounds (64.51 percent) have antibacterial potential. The extract inhibited pathogenic bacterial growth in a moderate-to-strong manner, except for V. vulnificus, for which it provided a poor inhibition
On all of the studied strains, the MIC shows that the aqueous extract ranges from 12.8 to 8.3 mg/mL, whereas the ethanolic extract ranges from 13.5 to 8.8 mg/mL
The extracts at 50 μg/mL had no effect on any of the bacterial strains, while the greatest activity was at 100 μg/mL with 9 mm zone of inhibition against Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis, respectively
Against five bacterial strains at varied doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL, respectively. At 25 mg/mL, no activity was recorded. The leaves aqueous had the maximum activity at 17.67 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and, similarly, had the lowest activity at 7.33 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Have minimum inhibitory zone activity against bacteria, enteropathogenic E. coli at concentrations of 50% and minimum bactericidal activity at concentrations of 75% at 106 CFU/mL
The maximum inhibitory activity for S. aureus and B. cereus were 18 and 14 mm for methanolic extract and 15 mm for ethanolic extract against S. aureus and P. mirabilis, respectively
The greatest rate of inhibition diameter against Staphylococcus aureus, 18 mm in concentration 500 mg mL. No activity was recorded against the tested strains from aqueous extract
The extract showed efficacy against all organisms tested. Except for S. pyogenes, which had an MIC of 25 mg/mL, the MIC was 12.5 mg/mL against all species
The activity of 2.5 percent NaOCl against E. faecalis was the strongest, followed by hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts. Until research like this identifies a better alternative, NaOCl is an effective irrigant in root treatment
Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and distilled water
Stem bark
Studies revealed that the methanolic extract at 100 mg/mL exhibited the highest activity of 25 mm. The extract reduced the development of all bacteria, with most extracts showing antimicrobial action on multiple levels
S. aureus and S. haemolyticus biofilm formation was prevented by a hot extract tested against the biofilm formation. The results showed that the two antibiotics and the plant extract could both prevent the biofilm formation
The aqueous extracts demonstrated a significant inhibition zone of 5.6 mm against Streptococcus pyogenes at a dosage of 100 mg/mL, with the least inhibition around S. aureus. The ethanolic extract, at a dosage of 100 mg/mL, has the biggest inhibitory zone against Klebsiella pneumonia, measuring 6.6 mm. Our findings imply that is a good alternative antibacterial agent against a variety of pathogenic bacteria
In most dilutions, the extract was higher after 120 hours of incubation for each of the tested strains. After 120 hours, the microbial count was reduced by 3–7.5 logs compared with the control
AgNPs’ inhibitory activity against all investigated human pathogenic microorganisms rose with fruit ripening progress from mature fruit to unripe fruit to immature fruit
Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and distilled water
Stem bark
Exhibited strong activity at concentration 100 mg/mL with an inhibition zone of 20 mm. These discoveries can be used to aid in the treatment of fungal illnesses
According to the findings, the ethanolic extract possesses antifungal characteristics and can be utilized to treat fungal infections. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this plant in treating candidiasis patients
Both crystals have antifungal activity against the tested strain, with SeONPs having greater antifungal activity than ZnONPs, according to the findings
The extracts were found to have action against Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria, and Rhizoctonia species, as well as inhibiting Alternaria and Fusarium sporogenesis
A shampoo containing the plant extract was then developed and tested on 80 people with dandruff for a period of four weeks. With the Sidr shampoo formulation, 86% of the participants reported significant improvement in their dandruff symptoms
Extracts were found to have antifungal efficacy against all fungi examined. These findings suggested that the extracts could be used as a substitute for chemical additives in the treatment of fungal diseases in plants
The extract was shown to protect rats against castor oil-induced diarrhoea as well as reduce intraluminal fluid collection and gastrointestinal transit, according to the results. In mice, the intraperitoneal and oral LD50 values were 3465 and 1200 mg/kg, respectively
Endothelial contraction was dose-dependent and substantial () in both intact and denuded aortas. A comparable reaction to the leaf extract at a concentration of 5 mg/mL was seen with KCl (50 mM). Aortic endothelium intact and denuded aorta contractions were decreased by 66.7% (mean + SEM) and 71.67% (mean + SEM) when verapamil was applied, respectively
As a result, the extract was shown to have antiapoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, and protective properties against S. mansoni-induced liver lesions in this investigation. The extract’s antifibrinogenic and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) advantages against S. mansoni were due to the enhancement of these two pathways
The findings indicated that the extract at concentrations of 500, 250, and 125 μg/mL killed 100% of Egyptian Schistosoma strains of adult worms and schistosomula of S. haematobium within 6 to 12 hours of incubation. As a result, these medicinal plant extracts might be utilized to treat schistosomiasis in a safe and effective manner
In the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups, oocyst shedding was dramatically reduced to roughly 10.7 × 103, 28.3 × 103, and 23.8 × 103 oocysts/g faeces, respectively
On day 21 after treatment, the extract exhibited a decrease in egg count percent (EPG) in faeces of 61.5 and 78.7% at dosages of 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. EPG of faeces decreased by 24.4, 73.1, and 85.1% at 100, 400, and 800 mg/kg dosages, respectively
The extract significantly reduced the viability of L. major amastigotes at , whereas it induced NO production and release, apoptosis, and plasma membrane permeability in macrophage cells with no evidence of harm
Aqueous extracts had IC50 values of 60 and 80 μg/mL, respectively, for methanol and water. Promastigotes of L. major were severely affected by all plant extracts
E. papillata infection enhanced the generated jejunal damage. Furthermore, treatment of infected mice with 100 and 300 mg ZLE/kg increased the number of goblet cells in the jejunal villi substantially
The liver and spleen histopathology examinations revealed severe histological abnormalities. The histopathological appearance of the liver and spleen in treated animals improved significantly. Treatment resulted in a significant return of oxidative indicators to normal levels, according to biochemical analyses
To sum up, the findings suggest that the extract’s antiplasmodial and antioxidant properties might help reduce the devastation caused by P. berghei-induced cerebral malaria
Had a considerable impact on liver function enzymes as well as histological images of the liver. It is possible to infer that the extracts protect against Plasmodium infection, as shown by considerable improvements in hepatic oxidative indicators
Compared with the control group, diabetic rats had significantly lower glucose levels and significantly higher blood insulin levels. When compared with diabetic control and nondiabetic control rats, the treatment group demonstrated a significant reduction in triglycerides, indicating that it had a hypolipidemic impact
Following therapy with 500 mg/kg, the highest activity at 25.59 and 39.48% after 7 and 15 days, respectively, was discovered at . Similarly, the 500 mg/kg therapy had the greatest () hypoglycaemic effect at 29.07 and 35.56% after 7 and 15 days, respectively
Improved liver and kidney function and lowered lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemic male rats treated with the extract. As a result of its high concentration of phenolic chemicals, the antihyperlipidemic effects of this extract might be linked to inhibition of oxidative stress
Biochemical and histological changes were reversed with the extract in G3 therapy. The extract lowered hypercholesterolemia, inhibited oxidative stress, and restored biochemical and histological characteristics that had been changed
Administering the extract after HgCl2 exposure stopped mercury build-up in the cortical slices. As a result, the levels of malondialdehyde were reduced, as were those of nitrite and nitrate production and nitrite and nitrate creation enzymes. Glutathione levels were also boosted, as were those linked to the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Might be used to reduce the damage to neurons caused by HgCl2 poisoning
Rotarod testing was utilized to assess motor coordination. The raised plus maze’s open-arm duration was dramatically lengthened when Z. spina extract (200 mg/kg) was administered. A lower proportion of entrances into the closed arms and less time spent in the closed arms were both lowered by the extract. Motor coordination and balance were unaffected by the concentration of Z. spina extract in the study. Scopolamine-induced anxiety is greatly reduced by Z. spina hydroalcoholic extract
The leaf extract significantly reduces the expression of the indicators studied compared with the induction group. The extract may protect the male against pentylenetetrazole-induced harm
The findings of this study could have supported the use of low doses of a 20 g SL/kg diet as natural growth promoters without affecting rabbit performance
R2 had significantly greater end weight and total growth () than R1, but not significantly higher than R3. R2’s daily increase, on the other hand, was much greater than R3’s. As a result, feed additives of ZSCL (15 g/kg DM) are strongly suggested in the feeding practices of developing lambs
Consumption level of 10%, the findings revealed that the treatment had a significant impact on broiler chicken output and mortality (). In the care of broiler chicks, the extract may be used as an alternative to synthetic nutrients
The extract has the strongest insecticidal potential when tested against Lasioderma serricorne. The ethanolic and acetonic extracts had LC95 values of 3.17 and 4.86 μg/insect, respectively. The current study adds to the usefulness of Z. spina as a source of epicatechin, which can be employed as a bio-antioxidant and a bioinsecticide
After forty-eight hours of administration, the ethanolic fraction had the lowest IC50 value of 0.02 mg/mL and triggered cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase as well as apoptosis
Extract treatment of DENA-induced hepatocarcinoma alleviated all except cholangioma-induced abnormalities. Finally, ZSCL (300 mg/kg BM) showed a significant therapeutic effect against DENA-induced hepatocellular cancer by focusing on oxidative stress and oncogenes
According to the findings of this study, the leaf extract contains chemicals with anticancer action, making it a promising target for further research to identify new anticancer drugs
For the liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALK, serum protein, and albumin, biochemical examination revealed no significant difference between the different concentrations treated at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg correspondingly and the control group. Furthermore, there was no significant variation in serum electrolytes ()
When compared with control, the employed concentrations at 5, 15, and 30 mg/mL did not reveal an increase in prophage induction. The mutagenic index revealed that the spontaneous release of phage from the lysogenic strains resulted in no increase in pfu/mL. As a result, the plant extracts evaluated have no genotoxic potential
In both the short- and long-term studies, all rats survived at a limit dose of 3000 mg/kg. There was no mortality, although the rats in all groups showed evidence of sleepiness for about 1 to 2 hours
Lymphocytes, platelets, direct and total bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum Ca2+, creatinine, urea, and organ-body weight ratios were all significantly elevated at by the extract. At 600 and 1000 mg/kg BW, the extract induced hepatic vascular congestion and fibrosis but had no effect on the kidney’s histoarchitecture. There are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic properties in the extract, thusly folklore medicine calls for caution when using this herb
No changes in liver or kidney function were found after the juice was given to the animals. It was found that a dose of BHT (200 parts per million) significantly increased the enzyme activity and serum levels of all three products.
Phagocytic index values were the lowest in snails exposed to LC50 of the extracts. Results demonstrated no mortality in Daphnia magna individuals during the first 12 h of the trial
When compared with MeHg intoxication, AgNPs/MeHg caused a far larger increase in lipid peroxides as a marker of oxidative stress, and of course, compared with healthy control animals
The animal model received daily oral dosages of 50 to 200 mg/kg for 28 days. Biochemical tests comparing the extract’s toxicity to that of a control group revealed no differences. However, oral administration of the extract at dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg resulted in minor histologically detrimental effects on liver and kidney tissues
All biochemical indicators and histological images of the liver, kidney, and testis improved significantly in animals treated with the extract alone or in combination with AF. The extract may have a powerful function in protecting against aflatoxicosis
14-day course of oral 400 mg/kg extract dose. Lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin levels in rats’ blood were substantially elevated () after oral administration of the extract, but no other liver enzymes were affected. Increased insulin levels, reduced triglyceride levels, and no significant changes in the other lipid profile components were seen when therapy was administered
There was no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in terms of liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALK, serum protein, and serum albumin, according to the results of the biochemical study
Extract did not exhibit any morphological alterations from the control at MNTD values of 250, 350, and 300 μL/mL, respectively, in a cytotoxicity experiment
In addition, after HgCl2 poisoning, a shift in apoptotic proteins in favor of proapoptotic proteins was identified. However, combining the extract with HgCl2 considerably reduced the molecular, biochemical, and histological changes caused by HgCl2 intoxication. Our results imply that the extract might be utilized to reduce the effects of HgCl2 exposure on reproduction
The leaf extract has no harmful impact on the liver when administered at dosages below 1500 mg/kg BW. In conclusion, the hazardous dosage of leaf extract in white Wistar rats is over 4000 mg/kg BW