Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr—A Systematic Review

Table 1

Chemical composition of Detarium microcarpum.

S/N	Compound	Composition	Part of the plant	Solvent	Reference
1	Cyclohexanone	1.4	Seeds	Petroleum ether	[13]
	cis-Rose oxide	0.5
	Citronellol	8.7
	β-Myrcene	1.4
	Camphor	0.2
	Isoledene	1.4
	Oleic acid	30.8
	Palmitic acid	0.2
	E-citral	1.3
	Linoleic acid	44.1
2	Nonane	6.52	Seeds	Chloroform	[23]
	3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol	0.37
	4-Methyldecane	1.27
	Isopropylbenzene	1.55
	Decane	7.66
	Undecane	1.44
	Hexadecane	0.60
	3,3-Dimethyl-1-(2-carboxyphenyl) triazene	0.59
	2,4-Decadienal	0.49
	2,6,11-Trimethyldodecane	1.11
	Hexadecanoic acid	9.77
	Tetradecanoic acid	2.48
	Hexadecane	1.06
	9-Octadecenoic acid	39.24
	Sulfurous acid,2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester	1.49
	9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid	6.21
	Pentafluoropropionic acid and hexadecyl ester	1.33
	Octadecanoic acid	8.12
	2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene (squalene)	0.66
	2-Methyl-3,13-octadecadienol	3.80
	Docosanoic acid	1.98
	Sulfurous acid, octadecyl-2-propyl ester	2.27
3	5α, 8-α (2-Oxokolavenic acid (2)		Fruits pulp	Dichloromethane	[24]
	3,4-Dihydroxy clerodan-13E-en 15-oic acid (4)
	2-Oxokolavenic acid (3)
	3,4-Epoxy clerodan-13E-en-15-oic acid (1),
	3,4-Dihydro clerodan-13z-en-15-oic acid (5)
4	Calcium	17.97	Fruits pulp (mg/100 g)		[25]
	Chromium	0.44
	Cobalt	0.06
	Iron	78.71
	Potassium	908.1
	Copper	0.59
	Iodine 2	2.77
	Manganese	5.95
	Molybdenum	6.39
	Sulphur	37.24
	Magnesium	113.50
	Phosphorous	204.5
	Zinc	31.7
	Sodium	15.09
	Cadmium	0.03
	Nickel	1.57
	Titanium	0.36
	Lanthanum	0.09
	Barium	0.58
	Strontium	0.25
	Lead	0.002
	Arsenic	0.44
	Vitamin B2	4.20	Mg/100 g
	Vitamin C	55.10	Mg/100 g
	Folic acid	0.17	Mg/100 g
	Vitamin E	12.44	Mg/100 g
	Ash	4.47
	Crude fibre	12.19	%
	Crude fat	2.23	%
	Total carbohydrate	65.8	%
	Crude protein	4.68	%
	Cyanide	0.07	Mg/100 g
	Saponins	2.73	Mg/100 g
	Phytates	0.41	Mg/100 g
	Tannins	0.17	Mg/100 g
	Oxalate	1.06	Mg/100 g
	Tannins	Present	Seeds		[26]
	Flavonoids
	Alkaloids
	Fatty acids
	Saponins
	Phenol
	Steroid
	Protein	29.4	Fruits %		[16]
	Fat	1.59
	Moisture	5.74
	Ash	2.6
	Fiber	19.05
	Carbohydrate	41.6
	Potassium	1463.25	Mg/100 g		[16]
	Magnesium	12.20
	Sodium	420.50
	Calcium	136.12
	Iron	2.73
	Zinc	0.41
	Phosphorous	1.05
	Manganese	2.65
	Copper	0.35
	Nickel	0.001
	Cobalt	2.71
	Cadmium	0.002
	Aluminium	1.12
	Alkaloids	0.37	Seeds %		[18]
	Tannins	0.47
	Saponins	1.85
	Flavonoids	2.28
	Phenols	0.35
	Alkaloids	0.72	Stem bark %
	Saponins	4.60
	Flavonoids	5.68
	Tannins	0.79
	Phenols	0.67
	Magnesium	0.32	Seeds %
	Potassium	0.50
	Calcium	1.44
	Phosphorus	1.0
	Sodium	0.53
	Iron	7.11
	Zinc	5.40
	Manganese	0.45
	Potassium	0.50	Stem bark %
	Magnesium	0.40
	Sodium	0.40
	Calcium	1.44
	Phosphorous	0.54
	Manganese	0.70
	Iron	6.97
	Zinc	6.15
	Riboflavin	0.62	Seeds mg/100 g
	Ascorbic acid	83.6
	Thiamin	0.14
	Niacin	2.60
	Ascorbic acid	24.2	Stem bark mg/100 g
	Riboflavin	0.67
	Niacin	8.11
	Thiamin	0.27
	Crude protein	20.5	Seeds %
	Fats/oil	55.6
	Crude fiber	10.5
	Food energy g/calories	616
	Ash	840
	Carbohydrate	840
	Food energy g/calories	324.6	Stem bark %
	Fats/oil	55.6
	Crude protein	9.6
	Ash	5
	Crude fiber	17.8
	Carbohydrate	63.54
	Protein	27.1	Seed %		[27]
	3-octanone	0.229	Leaves		[28]
	Linalol	2.098
	Myrcene	0.064
	Borneol	0.161
	α-Terpineol	0.351
	α-Cubebene	0.357
	Safranal	0.407
	Geraniol	0.227
	1,2-dihydro-trimethyl-naphtalene	0.339
	α-Copaene	1.238
	α-Cubebene	0.357
	β-bourbonene	0.758
	β-Copaene	0.883
	β-bourbonene	0.477
	β-Caryophyllene	11.894
	Neryl acetone	2.452
	α-trans-bergamotene	0.368
	Neryl acetone	2.452
	γ-muurolene	1.589
	β-selinene	1.108
	α-humulene	0.605
	Germacrene-D	0.597
	γ-cadinene	1.13
	α-muurolene	1.027
	α-calacorene	0.73
	Intermedeol	1.208
	Caryophyllene oxide	28.186
	Salvia-4 (14)-ene-1-one	2.243
	Iso-spathulenol	0.989
	δ-cadinene	1.254
	Spathulenol	1.886
	Humulene-1,2-epoxide	4.05
	1-Naphthaleneacetic-5-carboxy-l,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,2,4a-trimethyl acid		Bark	Chloroform	[29]
	l-Naphthaleneacetic-7-oxo-l,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro 1,2,4a, stetramethyl acid
	2-Oxo-kolavenic acid
	Moisture (%)	4.98	Seed		[30]
	Protein (%)	14.22			[30]
	Ash	2.54
	Crude fat %	8.43
	Sodium	28.29	Mg/kg
	Calcium	2700
	Potassium	23900
	Magnesium	700
	Iron	6
	Zinc	0.4
	Manganese	1.7
	Copper	0.2
	Moisture content (%)	4.69			[31]
	Organic matter content (%)	97.23			[31]
	Protein content (%)	35.96
	Ash content (%)	2.77
	Lysine	2.14	g/100 g
	Leucine	2.35
	Valine	2.13
	Isoleucine	2.35
	Phenylalamine	2.58
	Methionine	0.74
	Threonine	2.17
	Arginine	5.66
	Cystine	1.07
	Glutamic acid	9.78
	Aspartic acid	4.79
	Glycine	2.41
	Histidine	1.13
	Tyrosine	1.06
	Proline	2.09
	Serine	3.12
	Alanine	2.10
	Potassium	105			[32]
	Sodium	002
	Calcium	0.23
	Iron	003
	Phosphorus	001
	Sulphur	001
	Iodine	5.420
	Manganese	2.78
	Chromium	0.96
	Molybdenum	0.67
	Selenium	0.035
	Zinc	0.635
	Lead	0.074
	Arsenic	0.051
	Copper	0.127
	Tin	0.362
	Nickel	0.18
	Vanadium	0.753
	Bromine	0.023
	Cobalt	0.817
	Strontium	0.083
	Rubidium	0.914
	Zirconium	0.025
	Thallium	1.960
	Niobium	0.017
	Yttrium	0.063
	Sitosterol 3-O-(6′-O-palmitoyl-2,3,4-O-triacetyl-beta-D-glycopyranoside) 1,		Bark	Ethanol	[33]
	Lupeol
	Lup-20 (29)-ene-2alpha,3beta-diol
	Stigmasterol
	Campesterol
	L-Quino-1,5-lactone		Bark	Ethanol	[34]
	D-(−)-bornesitol
	Myo-inositol
	D-pinitol
	Sucrose
	D-glucose
	D-Fructose benzoates
	Hexanedioic acid		Root		[35]
	Mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester
	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid		Bark
	Mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester
	D-Mannose				[36]
	D-Glucose
	Labdane diterpenoid		Root	Ethanol/water (7 : 3)	[37]
	Microcarpin (1)
	Microcarpamide (2)
	5-(Carboxymethyl)-5,6,
	8a-Trimethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a
	Octahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid (3),
	Microcarposide (4),
	Rhinocerotinoic acid (5),
	1,7-Dihydroxy-6-methylxanthone (6),
	Ursolic acid (7),
	3β,23-Dihydroxylup-20 (29)-en-28-oic acid (8),
	Alphitolic acid (9),
	Stigmasterol glucoside (10)
	Gallic acid		Leaves	Methanol	[38]
	Quercetin 3,7-O-dirhamnoside
	Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside
	Quercetin 3-O-glucoside
	Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside
	Iron	218.9	Stem bark mg/kg		[39]
	Manganese	139
	Zinc	48.9
	Methyl gallate		Stem bark	70% Methanol.	[40]
	Catechin gallate
	3,13E-Clerodien-15-oic acid, 4 (18)		Leaves	Methanol	[41]
	13E-Clerodien-15-oic acid, 18-oxo-3
	13E-Clerodien-15-oic acid and 2-oxo-3,
	13E-Clerodien-15-oic acid
	Alkaloids		Stem bark	Methanol	[42]
	Flavonoids
	Glycosides
	Triterpene
	Saponins
	Tannins
	Indole alkaloid		Stem bark	Methanol	[43]
	Quinoline alkaloids
	Steroids
	Steroids
	Tropane alkaloids
	Flavonoids
	Tannins
	Tannins,		Stembark	Ethanol	[44]
	Saponin,
	Steroids,
	Flavonoids,
	Glycosides,
	Phenols
	Terpenoids.
	Microcarposide (1)		Fruits		[45]
	Lupeol (2)
	Betulinic acid (3)
	β-Sitosterol glucoside (4)
	Methyl gallate (5)
	Luteolin (6)
	Epicatechin (7),

Notes: S/N = Serial Number.