Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr—A Systematic Review

Table 2

Antioxidant activity of D. microcarpum.

S/N	Method	Solvents	Part of the plant	Major findings	Reference
1	The standard comet assay	Ethanol	Fruit pulp	DNA integrity was unaffected by fruit pulp extract at concentrations of up to 500 μg/mL compared to vehicle. Extract pretreatment reduced the genotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and methyl methane sulfonate on human lymphocytes.	[52]
2	DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, SRASA, DDA, LPM	Ethanol	Fruits	DPPH, deoxyribose degradation, and lipid peroxidation models showed that ethanolic fruit extract had remarkable antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 49.87, 69.06, and 49.36 μg/mL, respectively.	[53]
3	Lipid peroxidation activity	Methanol	Leaves	FeSO4/SNP were found to have an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in the brain, liver, and colon when the extract was used as a pro-oxidant. Malondialdehyde content was significantly increased in the colon.	[54]
4	DPPH, FRAP		Essential oil (leaves)	The essential oil extracted from the leaves showed the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 21.99 μL.	[28]
5	Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical-scavenging assays	Ethanol	Fruit pulp	IC50 values of 90 μg/mL for hydrogen peroxide and 25 for nitric oxide radical scavenging were obtained for the extract. It is interesting that the extract had a stronger scavenging activity for hydrogen peroxide than gallic acid (IC50 = 90 μg/mL), although the two compounds had similar activity for quenching of nitric oxide radicals at .	[55]
6	In Vivo	Ethyl-acetate and n-butanol	Stem bark	Significantly improved liver damage and decreased ALT, AST, TBIL, and CBIL values. SML or SMS extracts considerably enhanced glutathione levels in the cell, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and greatly lowered reactive thiobarbituric acid components.	[56]
7	In Vitro		Fruits pulp	Inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase responsible for Alzheimer’s disease.	[24]
8	DPPH	70% methanol	Leaf	At all doses used, extracts considerably outperformed the reference compounds in terms of radical scavenging activity (IC50) at 15 μg/mL.	[57]
9	DPPH	Ethanol	Leaves	The ethanolic extract’s ability to neutralize free radicals with an IC50 value of 4.84 mg/mL.	[58]
10	DPPH/ABTS	Methanol and aqueous	Stem bark	The DPPH and ABTS tests had a high degree of correlation (R^2 = 0.7), indicating that they were both trustworthy and significant. As a result, the results indicated that each of the six extracts has significant and dose-dependent antioxidant capacity.	[59]
11	DPPH, FRAP, ABTS	Methanol	Seeds	All methods were found to be significant with FRAP exhibiting the highest scavenging activity at 2.1 mg GAE/g	[60]
12	DPPH, ORAC	Methanol	Leaves	Both DPPH and ORAC experiments found that the methanolic extract of the leaves had a significant radical scavenging capacity of 937 16 and 2247 63 μmol trolox equivalent/g.	[38]

Notes: ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate transaminase, S/N = serial number, D. microcarpum = Detarium microcarpum, FRAP = ferric reducing antioxidant power, TBIL = total bilirubin, DPPH = 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethyl-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate, SRASA = superoxide radical anion scavenging assay, DDA = deoxyribose degradation and LPM = lipid peroxidation models, ABTS = radical cation scavenging assay, ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity, IC₅₀ = the half maximal inhibitory concentration, and TBIL = total bilirubin test.