Advancement of Nanofibrous Mats and Common Useful Drug Delivery Applications

Table 1

Effects of electrospinning parameters on morphology of electrospun fibers.

Parameter	Effect of parameter on fiber morphology
Viscosity/concentration	Fiber diameters increase with increasing concentration/viscosity.
Applied voltage	Relationship between voltage and fiber diameter is difficult to ascertain.
Distance between nozzle and collector	A minimum distance is needed to acquire dry fibers. Beading is observed at either too close or too far distances.
Flow rate	Fibers with smaller diameters are produced at lower flow rates, and excessive flow rates result in fibers that are not dry upon arrival at the collector.
Solution conductivity	Higher conductivities generally result in smaller fibers, but increasing conductivity facilitates the creation of consistent bead-free fibers.
Solution additives	(i) Alcohol, the formation of beads is reduced.
	(ii) Acetone, small beads are formed.
	(iii) N,N-dimethyl formamide.
	(iv) (DMF) Bead size decreases.
Surfactant additives	(i) Cationic surfactants: the formation of beads is prevented and the proportion of the cationic surfactant is increased, resulting in thinner fibers.
	(ii) Nonionic surfactants: the number of beads decreases and the fiber morphology changes, despite the fact that bead formation is not prevented.
Ambient parameters	Upon temperature rise, the viscosity of the solution decreases, resulting in smaller fibers. Increasing humidity causes the fibers to develop circular pores.
Surface tension	Rise in the surface tension coefficient of the solutions increases the quantity of beads.