| Disease types | In vitro/in vivo model | Mechanism of action | Concentrations/doses | References |
| Liver injury | Bosentan-induced rat liver injury model and HEK-293 cells | Inhibition of OATP1B1 transporter and maintaining a level of AST and ALT | 25 mg/kg and 1–150 μM | [48] | Liver injury | Male ddY mice | Decreased TBARS and TNF-α levels in CCl4-treated mice | 4.9 mg/kg | [42] | Liver injury | Male swiss albino rats | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation caused by CCl4 reactive free radicals | 25 mg/kg | [49] | Liver injury | Mice and HepG2 cells | Reduced AA + Fe-induced ROS production, reversed glutathione depletion, and cell death | 250 and 500 mg/kg and 100, 200, and 400 μM | [50] | Alcoholic liver injury | ALI mice model | Increased antioxidant defense activity and decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation | 10 and 20 mg/kg | [44] | Liver fibrosis | L02, LX2, and rats | Decreased protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and increased p-ERK1/2, PI3K, and Bcl-xL protein expression in TNF-α-stimulated L02 cells. The suppressed proliferation of LX2 cells and upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-8 | 20 μM | [51] | Liver fibrosis | HSCs/CCl4-induced mouse model | Downregulation of hyaluronic acid, ALT, AST, and Smad2/3. Inhibits collagen synthesis and activation of HSCs cells. Suppression of activin receptorlike kinase 5 | 2–10 μmol/L | [47] | Liver cancer | HepG2 cells | Increases the PIG3 level at mRNA and the protein level, increases ROS production and cytochrome c release, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2, activation of caspases-9and-3, and maintains the pro-oxidant activity | 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM | [52] | Liver cancer | HepG2 cells | Apoptosis, reduced expression of miR-21, and upregulation of PTEN expression and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways inactivation | 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM | [53] | Hepatotoxicity | Male C57BL/6 mice | Decreased level of ALT and AST. Induce hepatocellular damage, increases expression of antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis. Reduces the NLRP3 expression and proinflammatory factors. Inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway | 30 and 60 mg/kg | [54] | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | HepG2 cells | Decreases hepatic lipid accumulation, inhibition of the NF-κB signal transduction pathway and promotes β oxidation in mitochondria, and upregulation of the expression of CPT1A | 50 mg/kg | [55, 56] |
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