|
| Area of study | Use part | Mode of preparation | Traditional use | References |
|
| The Khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak (Pakistan) | Flowers | Powder | Strengthen eyesight, treat heart disease and heal wounds | [52] |
| Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) | Root and leaves | Poultice | Treat eye disorders, oral sore, and inflammation | [53] |
| The tribal population of the north-west Frontier Province (Pakistan) | Leaves | Crushed | Wound healing | [54] |
| District Attock (Pakistan) | Flowers | — | Strengthen eyesight, treat heart disease, and promote skin healing | [55] |
| Madyan Valley in district Swat (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as an anthelmintic, tonic, and diaphoretic | [56] |
| Jatlan Azad Jammu, Kashmir (Pakistan) | — | Decoction | Used as a diaphoretic and antiemetic.
Treat digestive ailments | [57] |
| Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Treat toothache | [58] |
| Malam Jabba Valley of Swat (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as a tonic, diaphoretic, and anthelmintic | [37] |
| The Alaşehir and its surrounding (Manisa/Turkey) | Aerial parts | Infusion, mash, and medical oil | Treated skin cancer.
Used in burn care | [32, 33] |
| Erzincan (Turkey) | Flowers | Decoction | Used as a hepatoprotector, germicide, and fungicide | [34] |
| Yaslıca Town and Arıkök neighborhood in the Bozova district of Şanlıurfa province (Turkey) | Flowers | Decoction | Fungal treatment | [24] |
| Targuist area (North of Morocco) | Flowers | Cataplasm | Used as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic | [14] |
| The Tiaret Mountains (Western Algeria) | — | — | Used as a depurative, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, and stimulant of hepatic activity and bile secretion | [59] |
| The Mountains Tessala (Western Algeria) | Flowers | Infusion | Used as a depurative, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, and stimulant of hepatic activity and bile secretion | [60] |
| Leaves | Maceration | Calm vomiting and internal ulcers
Erase warts, calluses body, fistula, frostbite, and skin lesions |
| The Moroccan Rif | Flowers | Infusion | Treat diabetes | [16] |
Aguelmouss (Khenifra,
Morocco) | — | — | Wound healing | [26] |
| Sardinia (Italy) | Leaves | Teas or decoction | Used as an emmenagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, anti-inflammatory | [31] |
| Aguelmouss, Khenifra Province (Morocco) | — | — | Treated neurological, microbial affections, ENT, and typhoid diseases | [17] |
| The Canary islands (Spanish) | Aerial parts | — | Used as an emmenagogue and aperitive | [27] |
| Rabat-Sale-Kenitra Regions (Morocco) | Leaves and flowers | Decoction | Treat diabetes | [15] |
| The Mt. Pelion Area (Greece) | Leaves, stems, and flowers | — | Treat acne and diaper rash | [61] |
| The Mainarde Mountains (Central-Southern Apennine, Italy) | — | Macerated and ointment | Treat burns, sunburn, chilblains, joint pain, and stings | [62] |
| Western Gironès (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula) | Aerial parts | Bath | Ocular antiseptic | [29] |
| The mountains of Tlemcen (Western Algeria) | — | — | Disinfectant and antihemorrhagic
Treat influenza, transpiration, and hemostatic action | [63] |
| District Swat (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as scrofula, diaphoretic, antihelminthic, and tonic | [64] |
| Swat Valley (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | Powder | Used as scrofula, tonic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic
Treat mucus discharge | [65, 66] |
| Swat (Pakistan) | Flower and leaves | Shoot | Used as stimulant, antispasmodic, and astringent.
Treat wounds and injuries | [67] |
| Gujranwala Region, Punjab (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | Extract | Severe pains | [68] |
| Oulad Daoud Zkhanine (Nador Province, Morocco) | Whole plant | Decoction | Treat digestive disorders.
Used for hair care | [19] |
| Kohistan Valley, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (Pakistan) | Flowers | — | Strengthen eyesight.
Treated heart and skin diseases | [69] |
| Thz M’Zab valley (Algeria) | Flowers | Infusion | Treat high blood pressure | [20] |
| Sawans Valley Mianwali, Punjab (Pakistan) | — | — | Wound healing | [70] |
| The Talash Valley of Dir Lower (Pakistan) | Flowers | Juice | Treat toothache | [71] |
| Syria's western region (Tartus and Latakia) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Treat varicose veins, sore eyes, wounds, sprains, bites and stings, and skin problems | [72] |
| The villages of Lotzorai and Escolca (Sardinia, Italy) | Flowers | Infusion and cataplasm | Used as an antispasmodic
Treat burns | [22] |
| The Taza region (Morocco) | Stems and flowers | Decoction | Treat diabetes | [25] |
| Tehsil Razzar District Swabi (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | Decoction in oil | Treat rheumatic diseases | [21] |
| Calabria Region (Southern Italy) | Flower heads | Decoction | Treat wounds, contusions, and burns | [30] |
| Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as astringent, expectorant, and antispasmodic.
Treat varicose veins | [35] |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Flowers | Infusion and decoction | Treat lung cancer and
treat liver and skin diseases | [73] |
| The Ripollès district (Spain) | Inflorescences | Liniment | Used as antiecchymotic | [28] |
| Alaşehir (Manisan Turkey) | Aerial parts | Infusion, maceration, and oil | Treat skin cancer
and treat burns | [33] |
| Sarigöl district (Manisa, Turkey) | Aerial parts | Infusion, mash, and lotion | Treat sores, burns, skin cancers, and athletes’ feet | [32] |
| The Bissa region (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria) | Leaves and roots | Decoction and infusion | Treat rheumatism | [74] |
| Malam Jabba, Swat (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as a tonic, diaphoretic, and anthelmintic | [18] |
| Chagharzai Valley, District Buner (Pakistan) | Leaves and shoots | — | Treat skin diseases | [75] |
| Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad (Pakistan) | Leaves and flowers | — | Used as an antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and wound healing | [36] |
| Azad Jammu And Kashmir state (Pakistan) | All parts | Decoction | Treat diaphoretic and antiemetic disorders | [23] |
| Mihalgazi (Eskişehir, Turkey) | Leaves and capitulum | Poultice | Treat skin diseases | [76] |
| South-West of Pakistan | Leaves and stem | Infusion | Treat diabetes | [77] |
|
