| Countries | Parts | Extracts/EOs | Compounds groups | Compounds | References |
| Italy | Aerial parts | Methanolic extract | Saponins | 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid | [84] | Italy | Aerial parts | Methanolic extract | Saponins | 4-O-(β-D-fucopyranosyl)-4-alloaromadendrole, and three derivatives of arvensoside B | [84] | Tunisia | Aerial parts | Methanolic extract | Saponins | Arvensoside A and arvensoside B | [85] | Tunisia | Aerial parts | Ethanolic extract | Saponins | Calenduloside D, calenduloside C, arvensoside B, and arvensoside A | [86] | Italy | Aerial parts | Chloroform extract | Saponins | 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid, 4-O-(β-D-fucopyranosyl)-4-alloaromadendrole, 4-O-(β -D-fucopyranosyl)-4-alloaromadendrol-2″-methylpropanoyl esters, 4-O-(β -D-fucopyranosyl)-4-alloaromadendrol -2″-methyl-2″-butenoyl esters | [87] | Italy | Aerial parts | Methanol- diethyl ether-petroleum ether (1 : 1 : 1) | Sesquiterpeneglycosides | 3α,7β-dihydroxy-5β,6β-epoxyeudesm-4(15)-ene-11-(O-β-D-fucopyranoside-2′,4′ -diangelate-3′-acetate), 7β-Hydroxy-3β-acetoxy-5β,6β-epoxyeudesm-5(15)-ene-11-(O-β-D-ficopyranoside-2′,4′-diangelate-3′-acetate), 3α,7β-Dihydroxy-5β,6β-epoxyeudesm-4(15)-ene-11-(O-β-D-fucopyranoside-2′,4′-diangelate-3′-isobutyrate), 3α,7β-dihydroxy -5β, 6β-epoxyeudesm-4(15)-ene-11-(O-β-D-fucopyranoside-2′, 4′-diangelate-3′-methylbutyrate), and 3α,7β-dihydroxy-15-acetoxyeudesm-4(5)-ene-11-(O-β-D-fucopyranoside-2′,4′-diangelate-3′-acetate) | [12] | Morocco | Flowers | Aqueous extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenolic contents: 47.89 ± 2.34 mg GAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 74.93 ± 1.50 mg RE/g DW | [47] | Hexanolic extract | Total phenolic contents: n.d Total flavonoid contents: n.d | Methanolic extract | Total phenolic contents: 50.26 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 174.93 ± 5.21 mg RE/g DW | Saudi Arabia | Flowers | Ethyl acetate extract | Fatty acids | Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid | [10] | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenolic contents: 354 μg/mL Total flavonoid contents: 270 μg/mL | Pakistan | Leaves | Methanolic/chloroform extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids Total phenolic contents: 25 ± 2.0 mg GAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 8.0 ± 2.3 mg QE/g DW | [38] | Aqueous extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenolic contents: 24.6 ± 3.5 mg GAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 10.2 ± 2.5 mg QE/g DW | Malta | Aerial parts | Petroleum ether extract | Phytochemical screening | Flavonoids | [48] | Chloroform extract | Alkaloids, proteins, and terpenoids | Ethanolic extract | Alkaloids, flavonoids, and proteins | Aqueous-ethanolic extract (1 : 1) | Flavonoids, proteins, and terpenoids | Distilled water | n.d | Algeria | Aerial parts | Essential oil | Terpenoids | γ-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, 2-pentylfurane, myrcene, β-pinene, sabinene, α-pinene, α-thujene, and (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-sabinene hydrate, nonanal, terpinen-4-ol, 7-β-silphiperfol-5-ene, α-longipinene, α-copaene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, β-acoradiene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-himachalene, allooromadendrene, γ-muurolene, γ-curcumene, germacrene D, zingiberene, bicyclogermacrene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, γ-cadinene, β-curcumene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E)-α-bisabolene, epi-globulol, globulol, guaiol, viridiflorol, zingiberenol 1 and 2, eremoligenol, τ-cardinol, τ-muurolol, α-cadinol, (Z,Z)-farnesol, α-bisabolol, (E,Z)-farnesol, heptadecane, α-oxo-bisabolene, nonadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, (E)-phytol, tricosane, tetracosane, and pentacosane | [88] | Hydrosol extract | Terpenoids | Terpinen-4-ol, globulol, guaiol, zingiberenol 1, zingiberenol 2, eremoligenol, τ-cardinol, τ-muurolol, α-cadinol, α-bisabolol, (E,Z)-farnesol, and α-oxo-bisabolene | [88] | Italy | Aerial parts | Steam distillation extract | Aldehydes, esters, sulfur compounds, alkyl pyrazines, ketones, lactones, and terpenoid compounds | Ethyl butyrate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, methional, 1-octen-3-one, ethyl hexanoate, 2-6-Dimethyl-3 ethyl pyrazine, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, 5-methyl-2-furanaldehyde, citronellol, phenethylacetate, α-terpineol, lactone-like, and δ-decalactone | [11] | Italy | Aerial parts | Methanolicextract | Saponins | 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-Glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-Glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid) oleanolic acid, 3-O-{β-D-ga1actopyranosyl-(1⟶3)(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1⟶4))-β-D-glucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid (28⟶1)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-{β-D-ga1actopyranosyl-(1⟶3)(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1⟶4))-β-D-glucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid | [87] | France | Aerial parts | Hydro-ethanolic extract (60%) | Saponins | 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3β-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid, and 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1⟶2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1⟶2)- β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid | [89] | Turkey | Flower parts | Methanolic extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenoliccontents: 118.18 ± 10.29 mg GAE/g extract Total flavonoid contents: 74.14 ± 3.09 mg QE/g extract | [49] | Portugal | Aerial parts | Hexane extract | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Stearic acid, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, quinic acid, citric acid, and tetracosanoic acid | [90] | Carbohydrates | L-threonic acid, D-(−)-tagatofuranose, D-(−)-fructofuranose, D-(−)-fructopyranose, D-(−)-psicopyranose, D-(+)-mannopyranose, D-(+)-galactopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose, D-gluconic acid, galactaric acid, sucrose, and cellobiose | Terpenoids | Neophytadiene, phytol, α-bisabolol, 8,14-cedranoxide, stigmasterol, stigmast-5-ene, amyrin, lup-20(29)-en-28-al, and 3-oxo-ursan-28-oic acid | Alcohols, alkanes, amino acids, and pyrrolizidine Alkaloids | Myo-inositol, 1H-benzocyclohepten-9-ol, 1-hexacosanol, untriacontane, 4-aminobutanoic acid, and an isomer of platynecine derivative | Portugal | Aerial parts | Methanolic extract | Phenolic compounds | Isomeric form hydroxy ferulic acid hexoside, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinc acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid hexoside, sinapic acid, hexoside derivative, caffeoylshikimic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, quercetin hydrate, apigenin-8-C-pentose-6-chexose or apigenin-8-chexose-6-C- pentose, quercetin dihexoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-oneohesperidoside, quercetin-3-omalonylhexoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-hexoside, quercetin acetyl hexoside, quercetin hexoside I, apigenin-O-hexosylpentosyl, protocatechuic acidpentoside, quinic acid with an aldonic residue, ligstroside hexoside, calendasaponin A, and calenduloside G isomer | [42] | Alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones | (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, decanal, nonanal, dodecane, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and thymol methyl ether | Portugal | Flower parts | Fresh petals | Alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, sesquiterpenes, and terpenes | Aromadendrene, (E)-α-bergamotene, α-caryophyllene, α-gurjunene, β-cubebene, β-copaene, β-bourbonene, α-copaene, α-ylangene, α-cubebene, and δ-elemene, β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, alloromadendrene, germacrene D, α-muurolene, δ-cadinene, α-cadinene, α-calacorene, epi-α-cadinol, α-thujene, styrene, limonene, α-terpinene, α-phellandrene, β-myrecene, sabinene, and α-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-sabinene hydrate, p-cymenene, linalool, δ-terpinene, β-thujone, perillene, alloocimene, neo-allo-ocimene, 3-thujen-2-one, terpin-4-ol, terpinolene, estragole, (Z)-cadina-1(6),4-diene, and (E)-cadina-1,4-diene | [91] | Water: acetone (6 : 4; v/v) extract | Monomeric anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and hydrolysabletannins contents | Total flavonoids: 0.35 ± 0.10 mg QE/g DW hydrolyzable tannins: 3.7 ± 1.8 mg TAE/g DW Total monomericanthocyanins: 0.07 ± 0.01 mg Cy 3-glu/gDW | Serbia | Flower parts | Methanolic extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenolic contents: 15.12 ± 0.40 mg CAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 5.31 ± 0.36 mg RE/g DW | [92] | Water extract | Phenolic and flavonoid contents | Total phenolic contents: 14.49 ± 0.38 mg CAE/g DW Total flavonoid contents: 5.26 ± 0.36 mg RE/g DW | Turkey | Aerial parts | Butanolic extract from methanolic extract (liq-liq) | Saponins | Arvensoside C, arvensoside A, arvensoside B, glycoside C, and calenduloside D | [93] | Ethyl acetate extract from methanolic extract (liq-liq) | Flavonol glycosides | Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Portugal | Stems and leaves | Chloroform extract | Phytosterols | β-sitosterol | [94] | France | Aerial parts | Essential oil | Terpenoids | (Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol, α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, p-cymene, myrcene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene, limonene, p-cymenene, linalool, terpinolene, cis-Sabinene hydrate, 4-methyl acetophenone, terpinen-4-ol, dill ether, cis-piperitol, decanal, α-terpinen-7-al, p-menth-1-en-9-ol, α-cubebene, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, geranyl acetate, α-copaene, iso-ledene, aromadendrene, trans-a-bergamotene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, α-gurjunene, β-cubebene, β-bourbonene, cis-muurola-3,5-dienev α-humulene, allo-aromadendrene, carota-5,8-diene, γ-muurolene, α-curcumene, γ-humulene, germacrene-D, trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene, eremophila-1(10),7-diene, 4-epi-cubebol, bicyclogermacrene, ledene, valencene, α-muurolene, β-bisabolene, γ-cadinene, cubebol, calamenene (cis and/or trans), presilphiperfolane-9a-ol, δ-cadinene, zonarene, cadina-1,4-diene, α-calacorene, α-cadinene, α-agarofurane, (E)-nerolidol, β-calacorene, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate, palustrol, spathulenol, germacrene D-4-ol, caryophyllene oxide, gleenol, globulol, cubeban-11-ol, germacradien-11-ol, β-oplopenone, guaiol, ledol, zingiberenol, α-cadinol, τ-cadinol, τ-muurolol, cubenol, cadin-4-en-7-ol, 1-epi-cubenol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, (Z,Z)-farnesol, α-bisabolol, (E,Z)-farnesol, cedryl methyl ketone, and (E)-phytol | [7] | France | — | — | Monodesmosidesaponins | Arvensoside B and arvensoside D | [95] | Turkey | Aerial parts | Essential oil | Terpenoids | α-pinene, α-cubebene, α-longifolene, α-copaene, α-gurjenene, β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene, epi-zonarene, α-caryophyllene, ledene, bicyclosesquiphallendrene, germacrene D, α-muurolene, δ-cadinene, β-sesquiphallendrene, cadina-1,4-diene, calamenene, epi-cubebol, neophytodieneisomer, palustrol, cubebol, ledol, cubenol, 1-epi-cubenol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, β-oplopenene, viridiflorol, sesquisabinene hydrate, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, spathulenol, zingiberenol, τ-cadinol, δ-cadinol, α-bisabolol, α-cadinol, and phytol | [96] | Jordan | Aerial parts | Aqueous extract | Phenolic content | Total phenolic contents: 16.8 ± 0.7 mg GAE/g DW | [97] | Methanolic extract | Total phenolic contents: 12.3 ± 0.4 mg GAE/g DW | France | — | — | Saponins | Arvensoside B and arvensoside D | [43] | Turkey | Fresh plant | Essential oil | Terpenoids, hydrocarbons, and other compounds | α-thujene, γ-terpinene, (Z)-β-ocimene, p-mentha-1(7),8-diene, limonene, α-phellandrene, myrcene, β-pinene, sabinene, α-pinene, p-cymenene, neo-allo-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, anethofuran, α-terpinen-7-al, 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene, iso-ledene, α-gurjunene, β-elemene, β-bourbonene, α-copaene, E-caryophyllene, β-gurjunene, germacrene D, α-guaiene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, β-selinene, viridiflorene, α-selinene, 2-norpinene, δ-amorphene, α-cuprenene, α-muurolol, epi-α-muurolol, α-acerenol, (Z)-sesquilavandulol, viridiflorol, α-agorofuran, ledol, E-phytol, (Z)-α-santalol, 2E-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Z-Jasmone, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, eicosane, heneicosane, docosane, tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane, benzaldehyde, nonanal, methyl salicylate, decanal, and ethyl linoleoate | [41] |
|
|