Suppression of Inflammation in Adipocyte-Macrophage Coculture by Passion Fruit Seed Extract: Insights into the p38 and NF-ҡB Pathway

Figure 1

Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production by PSEE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cocultured adipocytes and macrophages. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to undergo differentiation into mature adipocytes and subsequently treated with PSEE (10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) for a duration of 12 days. Following the 12-day differentiation phase, coculture was established with RAW264.7 macrophages and mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inflammation was induced by the addition of 1 μg/mL of LPS for a 24 h period. (a) Intracellular ROS production. (b) NO level. (c) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. (d) Cytotoxicity. All values are presented as the mean ± SEM from four independent experiments (n = 4). Statistical significance was determined using LSD post-hoc analysis, with significance accepted when (# compared to the control group and compared to the LPS group).

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