Suppression of Inflammation in Adipocyte-Macrophage Coculture by Passion Fruit Seed Extract: Insights into the p38 and NF-ҡB Pathway

Figure 2

Inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β secretion and gene expression by PSEE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cocultured adipocytes and macrophages. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes and treated with PSEE (10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) for a duration of 12 days. Following the 12-day differentiation phase, coculture was established with RAW264.7 macrophages and mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inflammation was induced by the addition of 1 μg/mL of LPS for a 24 h period. (a) Secretion of TNF-α. (b) Secretion of IL-1β. (c) Gene expression of TNF-α. (d) Gene expression of IL-1β. All values are expressed as the mean ± SEM from four independent experiments (n = 4). Significantly different from the LPS group; #significantly different from the control group. Statistical significance was measured using the LSD post-hoc test ().

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