Introduction. Xylopic acid (XA), the major constituent of the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica, has shown several pharmacological properties. Traditionally, the plant is used to treat several diseases and is being used in the preparation of several local foods despite the lack of information about its safety, food-drug interaction, and other pharmacokinetic properties. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of XA on rat liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in vivo and in vitro. Methods. Inhibition or induction of some isoforms of CYP450 enzymes: CYP 1A1/1A2, 1A2, 2B1/2B2, 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 were investigated using microsomal fractions of the liver obtained from rats pretreated with a low dose of xylopic acid (LDT) 30&#x2009;mg/kg, high dose of xylopic acid (HDT) 100&#x2009;mg/kg, phenobarbitone (PC) 80&#x2009;mg/kg, and ketoconazole (NC) 100&#x2009;mg/kg, and a no-treatment group received distilled water, with (n&#x2009;&#x3d;&#x2009;5) animals in each group. The in vitro inhibition of CYP 3A4 was assessed by treating rat liver microsomes with XA. Results. Xylopic acid induced CYP 1A1/1A2, 1A2, 2D6, and 2C9, inhibited CYP 3A4, and had no effect on 2B1/2B2. Conclusion. The findings would help mitigate toxicity and therapeutic failure especially in cases of coadministration of medications with food containing XA, with metabolism altered by the latter.

Mary A. Agbenyeku

Regina Appiah-Opong

Ernest Obese

Robert P. Biney

Emmanuel A. Adakudugu

Arnold D. Forkuo

Silas A. Osei

Mustapha K. Abeka

Elvis O. Ameyaw

In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Xylopic Acid on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Mammea americana L. is a plant with diverse medicinal uses in the municipality of C&#xe9;rtegui, Choc&#xf3;, Colombia. This research characterized the ethnomedicinal, chemical, and antibacterial activities of the bark of Mammea americana. Through interviews and semistructured surveys with the community, its ethnomedicinal uses were determined. Compounds present in the bark extract were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a qualitative analysis was performed by preliminary phytochemistry. Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out by agar diffusion and dilution methods, respectively, using ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Ethnomedical data showed that the bark is used to treat 14 conditions, the most representative being gallstones, prostate inflammation, and malaria. Preliminary phytochemical analyses showed the existence of several secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes and/or steroids, quinones, and saponins. A total of 29 compounds were identified; the most abundant were ethyl 5-oxo-4-(p-toluidine)-2,5-dihydro-3-furancarboxylate, phenol, 4,4&#x2032;,4&#x2033;-ethylidynetris, nerolidol, 19-hydroxy-13-epimanoyl oxide, &#x3b1;-elemene, and &#x3b4;-cadinene. The results showed remarkable antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract (20&#x2009;mg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus (22.6&#x2009;mm) and Escherichia coli (19.6&#x2009;mm) and of the crude water extract (20&#x2009;mg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus (18.5&#x2009;mm) and Escherichia coli (12.4&#x2009;mm). The strongest MIC was for the ethanolic extract with values of 0.357 and 0.897&#x2009;mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli strains, respectively, while in the aqueous extract, S. aureus (3.99&#x2009;mg/ml) and E. coli (4.3&#x2009;mg/ml) were recorded. It is assumed that the compounds identified in this study could be responsible for the antibacterial activity of the species, as well as the relationship of the identified compounds and metabolites with the ethnomedical uses given by the community, providing a scientific and traditional basis for its different traditional medical uses.

Lina Mosquera-Chaverra

Manuel Salas-Moreno

Jos&#xe9; Marrugo-Negrete

Ethnomedicinal Studies, Chemical Composition, and Antibacterial Activity of the Mammea americana L. Bark in the Municipality of C&#xe9;rtegui, Choc&#xf3;, Colombia

The Moroccan endemic plant Euphorbia officinarum is a traditional medicinal plant, known locally as &#x201c;Daghmus.&#x201d; Plants in the genus Euphorbia are well known for the chemical diversity of their diterpenoids and isoprenoid constituents, which perform many activities such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as different biological properties, that cannot be overlooked. The effect of bioactive compounds (antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antioxidant). Euphorbia officinarum is an important conventional medicine for the treatment of various conditions, including skin and ophthalmological diseases. It is also used against human pathogens (intestinal parasites). E. officinarum latex is the major part of the plant used for conventional medicine and synthesizing new bioactive compounds. The characterization and isolation of its components are necessary to exploiting and enhancing its therapeutic potential. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review is available to date. In order to have and define a research question, we adopt a strategy by considering the items of the PRISMA checklist. Therefore, this review aims to cover E. officinarum taxonomy, botanical description, distribution, conventional uses, and phytochemical compounds of this plant, including the biological activities of compounds isolated and of these semisynthesized compounds. This article provides a foundation for any further studies from this plant.

Imane Chamkhi

Mohamed Hnini

Jamal Aurag

Conventional Medicinal Uses, Phytoconstituents, and Biological Activities of Euphorbia officinarum L.: A Systematic Review

This is the first study conducted in Morocco to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of retail pharmacists regarding veterinary medicines. It is a cross-sectional study. Two types of multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed to pharmacists depending on whether or not they dispense veterinary medicines. A total of 143 pharmacists were involved in this study. The percentage of retail pharmacists who dispensed veterinary medicines was estimated at 23.1&#x0025;. Less than half of respondents were highly satisfied regarding their knowledge of veterinary pharmacy. Besides, 39.4&#x0025; of retail pharmacists were at ease giving advice in general while dispensing veterinary medicines, and 73&#x0025; were knowledgeable on parasiticides. Approximately, 94&#x0025; of retail pharmacists expressed their need to improve their knowledge of veterinary pharmacy. Our study also revealed that 48.5&#x0025; of pharmacists dispensed veterinary medicine daily. This study demonstrated that involvement of retail pharmacists in dispensing veterinary medicines was poor. The need for training programs on veterinary pharmacy expressed by Moroccan retail pharmacists was high.

Zeinab Snoussi

Samir Ahid

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Moroccan Retail Pharmacists towards Veterinary Medicines

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles in all areas of experimental and clinical pharmacology, pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry and drug delivery.

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences | Hindawi

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences publishes original research articles and review articles in all areas of experimental and clinical pharmacology, pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry and drug delivery.

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences