Efficient Production of Methyl Oleate Using a Biomass-Based Solid Polymeric Catalyst with High Acid Density

Figure 4

Performance optimization of oleic acid (AV = 184.52 mg KOH/g) with the CS-SO₃H catalyst: (a) reaction temperature, (b) reaction time, (c) methanol/oleic acid molar ratio, and (d) catalyst amount.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)