Efficient Production of Methyl Oleate Using a Biomass-Based Solid Polymeric Catalyst with High Acid Density

<div>(a) Hot filtration test of CS-SO<sub>3</sub>H in the esterification of oleic acid; (b) Water tolerance study of the CS-SO<sub>3</sub>H catalyst. Reaction conditions: temperature 75°C, the CS-SO<sub>3</sub>H catalyst of 3 wt%, time of 3 h, and methanol/oil molar ratio 15/1.</div>

Advances in Polymer Technology

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Figure 5

Figure 5: Efficient Production of Methyl Oleate Using a Biomass-Based Solid Polymeric Catalyst with High Acid Density 