Efficient Production of Methyl Oleate Using a Biomass-Based Solid Polymeric Catalyst with High Acid Density

Figure 6

The fresh and reused CS-SO₃H (a) FT-IR; (b) XRD; (c) reusability of the CS-SO₃H catalyst. Reaction conditions: reaction temperature 75°C, the CS-SO₃H catalyst of 3 wt%, reaction time of 3 h, and methanol/oil molar ratio 15/1.

(a)

(b)

(c)