3D In Vitro Human Organ Mimicry Devices for Drug Discovery, Development, and Assessment

Table 2

Summary of recent advancements of kidney-on-a-chip devices including the type of drug, the application, the applied cell, and the kinetics.

Drug type	Applications	Applied cell lines	Kinetics	Ref(s)
Gentamicin	Nephrotoxicity	MDCK	24 hrs	[54]
Vitamin D	Biotransformation	PTECs	>28 days	[49]
Polymyxin B	Nephrotoxicity	PTECs	14 days	[60]
Doxorubicin	Biodistribution	MDCK	—	[64]
	Nephrotoxicity, Nephrogenesis	NPC, EPCs	22 days	[61]
Cisplatin	Nephrotoxicity	Renal adenocarcinoma cell culture	24 hrs	[65]
Ciclosporin A	Nephrotoxicity, bioprinting	Convoluted renal proximal tubules	65 days	[47]
Adriamicin	Nephrotoxicity	hiPSC	>21 days	[58]

MDCK: Madin-Darby canine kidney; PTECS: proximal tubule epithelial cells; NPC: nephron progenitor cells; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; hiPSC: human-induced pluripotent stem cells.