Progress of Catalytic Valorization of Bio-Glycerol with Urea into Glycerol Carbonate as a Monomer for Polymeric Materials

Table 1

Catalytic glycerolysis of urea to GC using zinc-based catalyst.

Entry	Catalyst	Acid amount (mmol/g)	Base amount (mmol/g)	Reaction conditions	Yield of GC (%)	Ref.
1	ZnCl2	—^a	—^a	150℃, 2 h	80.2	[43]
2	ZMG	—^a	—^a	140℃, 7 h	83	[44]
3	Zn-Al-SO4	1.58	—^a	140℃, 4 h	92.8	[45]
4	HT(Zn/Al)	—^a	—^a	130℃, 3 h	65.6	[46]
5	Co3O4/ZnO	—^a	—^a	140℃, 4 h	69	[52]
6	Porous ZnO	Integrated area, 5414	Integrated area, 4042	140℃, 6 h	85.97	[53]
7	Zn-Al-O	3.43	2.76	160℃, 5 h	82.4	[54]
8	Zn6Al4	0.342	0.274	140℃, 3 h	73	[55]
9	ZnAlO	0.375	0.383	140℃, 3 h	68	[56]
10	ZnAl2O4	0.687	0.287	140℃, 3 h	58	[57]
11	ZnSn-CoPre	0.268	0.061	155℃, 4 h	95.6	[60]
12	Co50Zn50-350	—^a	—^a	150℃, 3 h	85.2	[62]
13	Zn/MCM-41(im)	0.02054	1.61776	145℃, 5 h	73.5	[63]
14	5% Zn/MCM-41	0.5254	0.6177	140℃, 5 h	83	[64]
15	Zn-HY-3	2.64	—^a	150℃, 3 h	93	[65]
16	Zn1TPA	2.677	—^a	140℃, 4 h	68.8	[66]
17	ZnSO4	—^a	—^a	150℃, 100 min, microwave irradiation (600 W)	93.7	[81]

^aNot reported.