Review Article
Progress of Catalytic Valorization of Bio-Glycerol with Urea into Glycerol Carbonate as a Monomer for Polymeric Materials
Table 1
Catalytic glycerolysis of urea to GC using zinc-based catalyst.
| Entry | Catalyst | Acid amount (mmol/g) | Base amount (mmol/g) | Reaction conditions | Yield of GC (%) | Ref. |
| 1 | ZnCl2 | —a | —a | 150℃, 2 h | 80.2 | [43] | 2 | ZMG | —a | —a | 140℃, 7 h | 83 | [44] | 3 | Zn-Al-SO4 | 1.58 | —a | 140℃, 4 h | 92.8 | [45] | 4 | HT(Zn/Al) | —a | —a | 130℃, 3 h | 65.6 | [46] | 5 | Co3O4/ZnO | —a | —a | 140℃, 4 h | 69 | [52] | 6 | Porous ZnO | Integrated area, 5414 | Integrated area, 4042 | 140℃, 6 h | 85.97 | [53] | 7 | Zn-Al-O | 3.43 | 2.76 | 160℃, 5 h | 82.4 | [54] | 8 | Zn6Al4 | 0.342 | 0.274 | 140℃, 3 h | 73 | [55] | 9 | ZnAlO | 0.375 | 0.383 | 140℃, 3 h | 68 | [56] | 10 | ZnAl2O4 | 0.687 | 0.287 | 140℃, 3 h | 58 | [57] | 11 | ZnSn-CoPre | 0.268 | 0.061 | 155℃, 4 h | 95.6 | [60] | 12 | Co50Zn50-350 | —a | —a | 150℃, 3 h | 85.2 | [62] | 13 | Zn/MCM-41(im) | 0.02054 | 1.61776 | 145℃, 5 h | 73.5 | [63] | 14 | 5% Zn/MCM-41 | 0.5254 | 0.6177 | 140℃, 5 h | 83 | [64] | 15 | Zn-HY-3 | 2.64 | —a | 150℃, 3 h | 93 | [65] | 16 | Zn1TPA | 2.677 | —a | 140℃, 4 h | 68.8 | [66] | 17 | ZnSO4 | —a | —a | 150℃, 100 min, microwave irradiation (600 W) | 93.7 | [81] |
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aNot reported.
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