Review Article
Cigarette Smoke and Inflammation: Role in Cerebral Aneurysm Formation and Rupture
Table 1
Summary of major pathways and inflammatory mediators affected by cigarette smoke exposure and involved in aneurysm formation.
| Major pathways | Major inflammatory mediators |
| Atherosclerosis | Oxidized LDL | NO | MCP1 | IL1β | ROS | TNFα | IL1β, IL-6 | Growth factors | Selectins and adhesion molecules |
| Hemodynamic stress (cerebral vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, and volume) | eNOS | Endothelin type B receptors | NF-κB |
| Endothelial dysfunction | NO | ROS | CRP | Angiotensin | eNOS | iNOS | Several chemokines and cytokines | STAT3 |
| VSMC proinflammatory, promatrix remodeling phenotypic modulation, apoptotic cell death | NF-κB | KLF4 | Calcium channels |
| Chronic inflammatory reaction, vessel wall remodeling and damage, apoptotic cell death | IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 | NF-κB | MMP and TIMP | MCP-1 | MAPK | ROS | NO |
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