Copper and Anesthesia: Clinical Relevance and Management of Copper Related Disorders

Figure 1

Schematic overview of the major pathways of copper homeostasis. Cu = Copper; CTR1 = Copper Transport Protein 1; ATP7A = Copper transporting ATPase. Mutation is associated with Menkes disease. Encoded by the gene ATP7A; ATP7B = Copper transporting ATPase. Mutation is associated with Wilson’s disease. Encoded by the gene ATP7B; Copper transport proteins include fatty acids, albumin, macroglobulin, histidine, and ceruloplasmin. Disruption to copper uptake (Menkes) and excretion (Wilson’s) pathways represented by ⧵⧵.