Improving Patient Safety through Simulation Training in Anesthesiology: Where Are We?

Table 1

Important milestones in simulation in anesthesiology.

Year	Simulation model	Type of model	Principle investigator/company
1960	Rescue Anne	Mechanical/physical	Asmund Laerdal
1965	Sim One [119]	Mechanical model with hybrid digital and analogue computer	Dr. Stephen Abrahamson/Dr. Judson Denson (University of Southern California)
1968	Harvey cardiology mannequin	Moderate to high fidelity model with electrical components	Dr. Michael Gordon
1987	Anesthesia Simulator Consultant® [30, 31]^1	Software	Dr. Howard A. Schwid (Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington)
1982	Gasman® [29, 120, 121]	Software	Philip JH.
1987	CASE [122]	High fidelity physical and digital model	Dr. David Gaba
1988	Gainesville Anesthesia Simulator [33]	High fidelity physical and digital model	Dr. J. S. Gravenstein
1990s	SimMan®	High fidelity physical and digital model	Laerdal Medical
1990s	HAL Patient Simulator	High fidelity physical and digital model	Gaumard® Scientific Company
1996	METI-Human Patient Simulator	High fidelity physical and digital model	Medical Education Technologies Inc.

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