The Influence of Differences in Solvents and Concentration on the Efficacy of Propofol at Induction of Anesthesia

Obata, Yukako; Adachi, Yushi U.; Suzuki, Katsumi; Itagaki, Taiga; Kato, Hiromi; Satomoto, Maiko; Nakajima, Yoshiki

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9178523

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Ethical Approval Disclosure References Copyright Related Articles

Clinical Study | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 9178523 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9178523

The Influence of Differences in Solvents and Concentration on the Efficacy of Propofol at Induction of Anesthesia

Yukako Obata,¹Yushi U. Adachi,²Katsumi Suzuki,³Taiga Itagaki,⁴Hiromi Kato,¹Maiko Satomoto,⁵and Yoshiki Nakajima¹

Academic Editor: Michael R. Frass

Received05 Nov 2015

Revised05 Jan 2016

Accepted10 Jan 2016

Published21 Jan 2016

Abstract

Background. Propofol is a popular intravenous anesthetic and varieties of formulations were produced from different laboratories. The present study compared efficacy of propofol of different laboratories and different concentrations (1 and 2%) during induction of anesthesia. Methods. Seventy-five scheduled surgical patients were randomly allocated into three groups. The patients of group D1 received AstraZeneca Diprivan 1% (Osaka, Japan) at a rate of 40 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹. Group M1 was given 1% Maruishi (Maruishi Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan) and group M2 was given 2% formulation at the same rate of propofol. Achieving hypnosis was defined as failure to open their eyes in response to a verbal command and the venous blood sample was withdrawn. Results. The hypnotic doses of M2 were significantly larger (D1: , M1: , and M2: mg, resp. (mean ± SD). ). Age and gender were selected as statistically significant covariates using general linear model-ANOVA. The blood concentration showed no significant difference among the groups (, , and μg mL⁻¹, resp.). Conclusion. The required dose of propofol was different among the formulations; however, the serum concentration showed no significant difference. This trial is registered with UMIN Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN000019925.

1. Introduction

Propofol is a popular intravenous anesthetic [1] and is widely administered to patients not only for managing anesthesia but also for maintaining adequate level of sedation in Intensive Care Unit [2]. The pharmacodynamics of propofol was modified by plenty of physiological factors [3–6].

Propofol is a highly lipophilic agent and is distributed as micellized fluid composed of propofol and soybeans oil. Nowadays, varieties of formulations are produced from different laboratories. Calvo et al. [7] reported that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol were not equal among the formulations. The five products were studied for determining each pharmacological property; however, the concentration of propofol and the composition of soybeans oil were almost the same.

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of propofol of different laboratories (differences in solvents) and concentrations (1% versus 2%) during the induction of anesthesia in clinical settings.

2. Materials and Methods

A prospective double-blind control study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (Registration number: 20-22, Ethics Committee of Medicine). All interventional procedures, including written informed consent from the participants, conformed to the study protocols.

Seventy-five scheduled surgical patients, ASA physical states I and II without any severe cardiovascular, respiratory, liver, and renal complications, were enrolled into the study. The sample size was determined as both effect size and statistical power are 0.8. The patients received no premedication on the day of surgery.

In the operating room, standard ECG, noninvasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were monitored and recorded. The intravenous infusion catheter was placed on the back of hand. The participants were randomly allocated into three groups using an envelope method. After preoxygenation using face mask, the patients of group D1 received Diprivan (1%, AstraZeneca) at a rate of 40 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ [3]. Patients of group M1 were given 1% Maruishi (Maruishi Pharmaceutical) and of group M2 were given 2% Maruishi at the same rate of propofol. The carrier fluid was infused at a rate of 300 mL h⁻¹. Achieving hypnosis was defined as failure to open their eyes in response to a verbal command with light stimuli (tactile) by an anesthesiologist in charge and 3 mL of venous blood sample was simultaneously withdrawn at the cubitalis vein of upper extremities. After confirming the hypnosis, the infusion rate of propofol was reduced to 10 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, and 0.1 to 0.2 mg of fentanyl and 5 to 10 mg of vecuronium were subsequently administered for orotracheal intubation.

The venous sample was centrifuged and the serum was stored at −40°C until analysis. The other day, the serum concentration of propofol () was determined using an HPLC with a fluorescence detector [3, 6].

The required dose of propofol for hypnosis and were analyzed using general linear model-ANOVA using patients’ background parameters including age and gender as covariates. A value less than 0.05 was considered as significant and subsequent post hoc analysis was applied using Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. All calculations were performed using statistical software (NCSS2000, NCSS, LLC, Kaysville, UT).

3. Results

All patients completed the study. There was no significant difference in the patients’ characteristics among the groups (Table 1). The hypnotic doses of groups D1 and M1 showed no significant difference (statistical power = 0.80), whereas the dose of group M2 was significantly larger (, , and , resp. (mean ± SD). , Table 1, Figure 1). Age (− mg a year (regression coefficient and SE), ) and gender (− mg, ) were selected as statistically significant covariates for the general linear model for the dose of propofol. Elderly and female patients included potential factors decreasing the required dose of propofol for achieving hypnosis in the current study population. showed no significant difference among the groups (, , and μg mL⁻¹, resp. (mean ± SD)). The age and gender were not correlative with in all 75 patients.

4. Discussion

The results of current investigation demonstrated that the efficacy of propofol was distinctive not by the difference of solvents (long-chain triglycerides (Diprivan) versus long- and medium-chain triglycerides (Maruishi)) but by the difference of concentration. Higher concentration of propofol compound showed lower efficacy for achieving hypnosis. Although age and gender were selected as significant determinant factors for propofol induction dose, was independent of the parameters.

The pharmacodynamics between blood and brain might depend on the concentration of free propofol in aqueous phase [8, 9]. There is a possibility that the differences of solvent would modify the efficacy of propofol [7, 10]. We use generic or copy formulations of propofol and the equivalency or dissimilarity among the products becomes a worrisome subject; however, the detailed information was limited [11]. The identity of the distributed formulations should be secured. If there is an apparent difference between the drugs, physicians are required to modify the dose of drugs and the timing of administration. We preliminary studied the efficacy of propofol in the institute during the induction of anesthesia [3] and reported the independent physiological factors on the hypnotic dose of propofol. The infusion method [3] was considered as showing high sensitivity, and the current study investigated a slight difference using the same manner.

There is no clear explanation for the results concerning the effect of the concentration. In the preliminary and laboratory animal experiments, we found opposite results that the diluted propofol showed greater potency [12]. In clinical settings, variability of the effect of propofol might absolutely depend on pathophysiological backgrounds [13] and the difference of formulations might be negligible. Indeed, the results of current study showed that the patient’s age and gender were confirmed as significant covariates of the results. There is a possibility that the difference of efficacy of formulation might be a sequel of the interferences between these physiological factors and other unknown properties, not of the concentration of propofol.

Recently, water soluble propofol has been developed [14, 15]. Anesthesiologists will have much more options for induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of adequate sedation, and the further investigations for evaluating the properties of each formulation are absolutely required.

Key Messages

Anesthesiologists will have much more options for intravenous anesthetics, and the further investigations for evaluating the properties of each formulation are absolutely required.

Ethical Approval

The present study was conducted under the approval of Institutional Review Board of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine on the patients receiving general anesthesia in the Hospital.

Disclosure

Part of the results was presented in Annual Meeting of American Society of Anesthesiologists, in 2009, at Orland, Florida, USA. The presentations of the results including the current paper were in accordance with the study protocol approved by Institutional Review Board, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine. The investigational data sets have no connections to the participants by unidentified recording procedures in the institute. Yushi U. Adachi is principal investigator of the current study at Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine during the clinical trials.

Conflict of Interests

All authors have no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

Yukako Obata is chief investigator of the study as an anesthesiologist. Yushi U. Adachi is principal investigator of the study, receiving the approval from IRB as a principal responsible physician, collecting and analyzing the data, and writing the paper. Adachi worked in the Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, from August 2005 to January 2010. Katsumi Suzuki is investigator of the study, revising the paper. Suzuki worked in the Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, from April 2006 to March 2010. Taiga Itagaki is investigator of the study, revising the paper. Itagaki worked in the Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, from April 2006 to March 2012. Hiromi Kato is investigator of the study, revising the paper. Kato worked in the Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, from April 2007 to March 2009. Maiko Satomoto is supervisor of the study and the coresponsible physician of the study. Yoshiki Nakajima is supervisor of the study and the coresponsible physician of the study, concurrent Director of Intensive Care Unit of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.

References

E. I. Eger, P. F. White, and M. S. Bogetz, “Clinical and economic factors important to anaesthetic choice for day-case surgery,” PharmacoEconomics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 245–262, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. McKeage and C. M. Perry, “Propofol: a review of its use in intensive care sedation of adults,” CNS Drugs, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 235–272, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. U. Adachi, K. Watanabe, H. Higuchi, and T. Satoh, “The determinants of propofol induction of anesthesia dose,” Anesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 656–661, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kodaka, J. W. Johansen, and P. S. Sebel, “The influence of gender on loss of consciousness with sevoflurane or propofol,” Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 377–381, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. White, G. N. C. Kenny, and S. Schraag, “Use of target controlled infusion to derive age and gender covariates for propofol clearance,” Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 119–127, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. U. Adachi, M. Satomoto, H. Higuchi, and K. Watanabe, “Rapid fluid infusion therapy decreases the plasma concentration of continuously infused propofol,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 331–336, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Calvo, S. Telletxea, N. Leal et al., “Influence of formulation on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in anesthetized patients,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1038–1048, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Zamacona, E. Suárez, E. García, C. Aguirre, and R. Calvo, “The significance of lipoproteins in serum binding variations of propofol,” Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1147–1151, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Schicher, M. Polsinger, A. Hermetter, R. Prassl, and A. Zimmer, “In vitro release of propofol and binding capacity with regard to plasma constituents,” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 882–888, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. W. Doenicke, M. F. Roizen, J. Rau et al., “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a new solvent,” Anesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 1399–1403, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Ihmsen, C. Jeleazcov, J. Schüttler, H. Schwilden, and F. Bremer, “Pharmacodynamics of two different propofol formulations,” Anaesthesist, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 635–642, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. U. Adachi, A. Numaguchi, and N. Matsuda, “Not only bupivacaine but also propofol is sinking in lipid?” Journal of Anesthesia, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 476, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kazama, K. Ikeda, K. Morita et al., “Investigation of effective anesthesia induction doses using a wide range of infusion rates with undiluted and diluted propofol,” Anesthesiology, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 1017–1028, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Mahajan, S. Kaushal, and R. Mahajan, “Fospropofol,” Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 293–296, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Ravenelle, P. Vachon, A. E. Rigby-Jones et al., “Anaesthetic effects of propofol polymeric micelle: a novel water soluble propofol formulation,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 186–193, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Yukako Obata et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1583

Downloads

1194

Citations