Incidence, Outcomes, and Factors Associated with Intra-Abdominal Hypertension and Primary Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Abdominopelvic Injury Patients
Table 1
Patient characteristics.
Characteristics
Total (N = 38)
Non-IAH (N = 32)
IAH (N = 6)
Demographic
Sex (M : F, n)
26 : 12
23 : 3
3 : 3
0.290
Age (mean with SD, years)
31.5 ± 12.7
31.4 ± 12.1
32.0 ± 12.0
0.920
Weight (mean with SD, kg)
61.2 ± 11.3
61.3 ± 12.0
60.5 ± 8.1
0.879
Height (mean with SD, m)
1.67 ± 0.09
1.67 ± 0.09
1.68 ± 0.08
0.909
BMI (mean with SD, kg/m2)
21.7 ± 2.8
21.8 ± 3.0
21.5 ± 1.8
0.798
Mechanism of injury
Blunt : penetrating (n)
34 : 4
29 : 3
5 : 1
0.593
MVC (n (%))
29 (76.3)
25 (78.1)
4 (66.7)
0.545
Fall from the height (n (%))
3 (7.9)
2 (6.3)
1 (16.7)
0.385
Body assault (n (%))
3 (7.9)
3 (9.4)
0 (0)
0.435
Primary survey
Airway compromised (n (%))
7 (18.4)
5 (15.6)
2 (33.3)
0.305
Breathing and ventilation problem (n (%))
6 (15.6)
5 (15.6)
1 (16.7)
0.949
Hemorrhagic shock (n (%))
10 (26.3)
6 (18.8)
4 (66.7)
0.014
GCS < 13 (n (%))
3 (7.9)
3 (9.4)
0 (0)
0.435
Hypothermia (n (%))
1 (2.6)
0 (0)
1 (16.7)
0.019
Initial vital signs
SBP (mean with SD, mmHg)
116 ± 19
118 ± 16
104 ± 29
0.104
DBP (mean with SD, mmHg)
74 ± 15
76 ± 13
64 ± 21
0.080
MAP (mean with SD, mmHg)
88 ± 16
90 ± 13
77 ± 24
0.076
PR (mean with SD, bpm)
101 ± 18
99 ± 18
113 ± 15
0.073
RR (mean with SD,/min)
21 ± 4
21 ± 4
23 ± 4
0.231
BT (mean with SD, °C)
36.9 ± 0.8
36.9 ± 0.8
36.6 ± 1.1
0.437
Abdominal signs
Abdominal tenderness (n (%))
19 (50)
15 (46.9)
4 (66.7)
0.374
Peritonitis (n (%))
3 (7.9)
2 (6.3)
1 (16.7)
0.385
Abdominal distention (n (%))
17 (44.7)
11 (34.3)
6 (100)
0.003
Abdominal wounds (n (%))
9 (23.7)
7 (21.9)
2 (33.3)
0.545
Flank and back injury (n (%))
3 (7.9)
3 (9.4)
0 (0)
0.435
Organ evisceration (n (%))
2 (5.3)
1 (3.1)
1 (16.7)
0.173
Initial imaging
Pelvis fracture (n (%))
4 (10.5)
2 (6.3)
2 (33.3)
0.047
Positive FAST (n (%))
16 (42.1)
12 (37.5)
4 (66.7)
0.184
Positive abdominal CT (n (%))
26 (68.4)
22 (68.7)
4 (66.7)
0.549
Initial laboratory
Urine analysis
0.887
Microscopic hematuria (n (%))
16 (42.1)
13 (40.6)
3 (50)
Gross hematuria (n (%))
6 (15.8)
5 (15.6)
1 (16.7)
Hct (mean with SD, gm%)
38.9 ± 6.1
39.4 ± 6.3
36.4 ± 4.6
0.271
Hb (mean with SD, g/dL)
12.9 ± 1.8
13.1 ± 1.8
11.8 ± 1.6
0.115
Platelets count (mean with SD, × 103 cells/cu.mm)
249 ± 61
249 ± 60
247 ± 74
0.946
INR (mean with SD)†
1.1 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 0.1
1.3 ± 0.2
0.007
Creatinine (mean with SD, g/dL)
1.1 ± 0.3
1.0 ± 0.3
1.5 ± 0.2
0.001
Bicarbonate (mean with SD, mmol/L)
21.0 ± 3.8
21.8 ± 3.4
17.0 ± 3.1
0.003
Base excess (mean with SD, mEq/L)‡
−7.3 ± 8.3
−4.2 ± 7.6
−11.0 ± 8.1
0.146
Lactate (mean with SD, mmol/L)‡
5.7 ± 4.9
4.2 ± 3.8
7.6 ± 5.7
0.225
Abdominopelvic organ injury
Diaphragm (n (%))
1 (2.6)
1 (3.1)
0 (0)
0.661
Liver (n (%))
19 (50)
14 (43.8)
5 (83.3)
0.075
Spleen (n (%))
5 (13.2)
3 (9.4)
2 (33.3)
0.111
Kidney (n (%))
13 (34.2)
11 (34.3)
2 (33.3)
0.961
Pancreas (n (%))
1 (2.6)
0 (0)
1 (16.7)
0.019
Adrenal (n (%))
1 (2.6)
1 (3.1)
0 (0)
0.661
Small bowel (n (%))
3 (7.9)
2 (6.3)
1 (16.7)
0.385
Colon (n (%))
3 (7.9)
1 (3.1)
2 (33.3)
0.012
Mesentery (n (%))
5 (13.2)
2 (6.3)
3 (50)
0.004
Bladder (n (%))
3 (7.9)
3 (9.4)
0 (0)
0.435
Internal iliac vessel (n (%))
1 (2.6)
1 (3.1)
0 (0)
0.661
Abdominal wall (n (%))
8 (21.1)
7 (21.9)
1 (16.7)
0.774
Multiple organ injury (n (%))
18 (47.4)
13 (40.6)
5 (83.3)
0.055
Abbreviated injury scale (AIS)
Head AIS (3 : 4 : 5, n)
9 : 0 : 1
8 : 0 : 0
1 : 0 : 1
0.090
Face AIS (3 : 4 : 5, n)
0 : 0 : 1
0 : 0 : 0
0 : 0 : 1
0.057
Chest AIS (3 : 4 : 5, n)
8 : 2 : 0
7 : 2 : 0
1 : 0 : 0
0.721
Abdominopelvic AIS (3 : 4 : 5, n)
10 : 10 : 1
8 : 7 : 0
2 : 3 : 1
0.038
Lower extremity and pelvis AIS (3 : 4 : 5, n)
4 : 2 : 0
2 : 0 : 0
2 : 2 : 0
0.001
Injury severity scores (ISS) (mean with SD)
19 ± 11
16 ± 7
35 ± 17
<0.001
Ten patients (26.8%) did not proceed to abdominal CT scan; †six patients (15.8%) did not have initial INR result; ‡thirteen cases (39.5%) had initial base excess and lactate data.
