Acute Pain Burden and Opioid Dose Requirements after Cesarean Delivery in Parturients with Preexisting Chronic Back Pain and Migraine
Table 1
Demographic, obstetric, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics.
Characteristic
Migraine (n = 465)
Chronic back pain (n = 273)
Migraine and chronic back pain (n = 43)
Preoperative characteristics
Age (years)
31.7 ± 5.6
31.4 ± 5.8
32.2 ± 5.6
BMI (kg/m2)
33.8 ± 7.8
35.0 ± 9.0
34.8 ± 9.0
Ethnicity (%)
Caucasian
348 (74.8)
166 (60.8)
27 (62.8)
African American
41 (8.8)
45 (16.5)
7 (16.3)
Asian
28 (6.0)
33 (12.1)
4 (9.3)
Othersa
48 (10.3)
29 (10.6)
5 (11.6)
Gravidity (%)
1
179 (38.5)
94 (34.4)
14 (32.6)
2
109 (23.4)
58 (21.3)
11 (25.6)
≧3
177 (38.1)
121 (44.3)
18 (41.9)
Number of previous cesarean deliveries (%)
0
344 (74.0)
181 (66.3)
23 (53.5)
1
84 (18.1)
54 (19.8)
15 (34.9)
≧2
37 (8.0)
38 (13.9)
5 (11.6)
History of smoking (%)
73 (15.7)
65 (23.8)
11 (25.6)
History of substance use (%)
39 (8.4)
34 (12.5)
9 (20.9)
Marital status (%)
Married or domestic partner
332 (71.4)
171 (62.6)
25 (58.1)
Divorced or legally separated or single
127 (27.3)
98 (35.9)
16 (37.2)
Unknown
6 (1.3)
4 (0.7)
2 (4.7)
Insurance type (%)
Private
325 (69.9)
147 (53.9)
27 (62.8)
Public
131 (28.2)
124 (45.4)
15 (34.9)
Unknown
9 (1.9)
2 (0.7)
1 (2.3)
Benzodiazepine use, yes (%)
16 (3.4)
15 (5.5)
1 (2.3)
Antidepressant use, yes (%)
67 (14.4)
41 (15.0)
3 (7.0)
Opioid use, yes (%)
12 (2.6)
24 (8.8)
5 (11.6)
Depression, yes (%)
185 (39.8)
124 (45.4)
14 (32.6)
Anxiety, yes (%)
183 (39.4)
104 (38.1)
14 (32.6)
Intraoperative characteristics
Labor before delivery (%)
Labored
234 (50.3)
125 (45.8)
21 (48.8)
Not labored
231 (49.7)
148 (54.2)
22 (51.2)
Emergency status (%)
Elective
156 (33.6)
107 (39.2)
15 (34.9)
Urgent or emergent
309 (66.5)
166 (60.8)
28 (65.1)
Duration of surgery (minutes)
65 ± 25
69 ± 26
67 ± 21
Intravenous opioids intraoperatively, yes (%)
137 (29.5)
89 (32.6)
13 (30.2)
Intravenous dexamethasone, yes (%)
85 (18.3)
38 (13.9)
9 (20.9)
Postoperative characteristics (0 to 48 hours)
Acetaminophen dose (mg)
8000 [7000–8000; 0–10000]
8000 [7000–8000; 0–10000]
8000 [7000–8000; 0–8000]
Ibuprofen dose (mg)
4200 [3000–4200; 0–5400]
4200 [2400–4200; 0–5400]
3600 [1800–4200; 0–4800]
Intravenous magnesium, yes (%)
96 (20.7)
44 (16.1)
7 (16.3)
Summary statistics were presented as number (% of patients), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range; range). Data may not add up to the total number of patients due to missing values. Data may not add up to 100% due to rounding. BMI: body mass index; MME: morphine milligram equivalents; mg: milligram; mcg: microgram. aOthers include American Indians or Alaska Natives, Mexican, Mexican American or Chicano, Puerto Rican, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders, and multiple races.
