Smooth Extubation and Smooth Emergence Techniques: A Narrative Review

Table 1

Adverse events associated with extubation.

Type of event	Examples
Airway irritation	Coughing
	Bucking on endotracheal tube
	Laryngospasm
Hemodynamic perturbations	Arrhythmia
	Tachycardia/bradycardia
	Hypo/hypertension
	Myocardial ischemia
Airway/oropharyngeal injuries	Larynx including glottis
	Laryngeal nerves
	Oropharynx (tongue, uvula)
	Dentition
Compromised ventilation	Respiratory depression
	Airway obstruction
	Airway edema
	Aspiration
	Pulmonary edema
	Residual neuromuscular blockade
Patient distress	Sore throat
	Hoarse voice
	Unexpected awareness
	Posttraumatic stress disorder
Surgical disruption	Bleeding
	Wound dehiscence
	Flap disruption