Review Article
Smooth Extubation and Smooth Emergence Techniques: A Narrative Review
Table 1
Adverse events associated with extubation.
| Type of event | Examples |
| Airway irritation | Coughing | Bucking on endotracheal tube | Laryngospasm |
| Hemodynamic perturbations | Arrhythmia | Tachycardia/bradycardia | Hypo/hypertension | Myocardial ischemia |
| Airway/oropharyngeal injuries | Larynx including glottis | Laryngeal nerves | Oropharynx (tongue, uvula) | Dentition |
| Compromised ventilation | Respiratory depression | Airway obstruction | Airway edema | Aspiration | Pulmonary edema | Residual neuromuscular blockade |
| Patient distress | Sore throat | Hoarse voice | Unexpected awareness | Posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Surgical disruption | Bleeding | Wound dehiscence | Flap disruption |
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