Ref. Study settings Population characteristics Alcohol use patterns Main findings Found an Association [11 ] USA 696 HIV positive patients 10.4% reported hazardous drinking (>14 drinks/week or >4 drinks/occasion for men and >7 drinks/week or >3 drinks/occasion for women) Hazardous drinking associated with liver disease, defined as aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index >1.5 (RR 3.72, 95% CI 1.40–9.87) [12 ] Italy 190 patients (71 HIV monoinfected, 53 HCV monoinfected and 66 HIV/HCV coinfected) The extent of advanced liver fibrosis, defined as liver stiffness ≥9.5 kPa, correlate with alcohol intake (nonsignificant in HIV monoinfected patients,
in HCV monoinfected patients and
in HIV/HCV coinfected patients), but not with HAART exposure or duration of HAART [13 ] France 20940 HIV positive patients Alcohol consumption of any kind in 25 (92.6%) of 27 patients who died from end-stage liver disease Proportion of excessive alcohol consumption higher in 2003 compared to 1995 (
) [14 ] France 24000 HIV positive patients Excessive alcohol consumption (>30 g/day) reported in 23 (47.9%) of 48 patients who died from end-stage lived disease The combination of alcohol and HCV coinfection led 12 (25.0%) deaths
) [15 ] France 210 HIV positive patients with a history of injectable drug use or HCV (60 HIV positive and 150 HIV-negative). 76 patients suffered from excessive drinking, with similar rate between HIV positive individuals and HIV-negative individuals HIV positivity (OR 2.2, CI 1.1–4.5) and excessive drinking (OR 1.9, CI 1.0–3.9) independently associated with cirrhosis [16 ] Spain 2168 HIV positive patients, including 181 (8.3%) cases of cirrhosis 95 (52.5%) cirrhotic patients admitted current or past alcohol abuse Alcohol consumption associated with cirrhosis (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.5–4.8,
) [17 ] Spain 91 HIV positive patients 30 (33.0%) patients suffered from liver toxicity High alcohol consumption risk factor for liver toxicity (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.43–4.62,
) [20 ] USA 164 HIV positive patients Patients consumed alcohol 88 (53.6%) were hazardous drinkers Hazardous drinking associated with worsening of dyslipidemia (OR 3.18, 95% CI 0.99–12.05,
) [21 ] USA 300 HIV positive patients, 60% of sample reported prior or current alcohol abuse Alcohol use independent predictor for pneumonia in HIV positive smokers (
) [22 ] Spain 122 HIV-infected adults Alcohol abuse independent predictor for bacteremic pneumococcal disease (OR 5.28) [23 ] Spain 25 HIV-1-postive patients with cerebrovascular ischemia Cerebrovascular ischemia associated with history of high alcohol intake (OR 7.13, 95% CI 1.69–30.11,
) [25 ] USA 72 HIV-negative light/nondrinkers, 70 HIV positive light/nondrinkers, 70 HIV positive heavy drinkers and 56 HIV-negative heavy drinkers 142 (53.0%) light/nondrinkers Synergistic interaction between alcohol abuse and HIV infection with respect to motor and visuomotor speed [26 ] USA 31 male HIV positive patients, 27 patients with alcoholism, 43 patients with HIV infection and alcoholism comorbidity, and 22 normal healthy controls 70 (56.9%) patients with alcoholism HIV and alcoholism comorbidity impair upper motor limb to a greater degree that HIV alone (
) or alcoholism alone (
) [27 ] USA 40 HIV positive patients, 38 alcoholic patients, 47 alcoholic HIV positive patients, and 39 controls 85 (51.8%) patients with alcoholism Immediate episodic memory impaired in HIV positive patients with alcoholism comorbidity Did Not Find an Association [24 ] USA 1539 HIV positive patients 845 (54.9%) had a history of alcohol abuse or dependence History of alcohol abuse or dependence not associated with neuropathic pain caused by HIV-associated sensory neuropathy [28 ] Italy 76 HIV positive patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia 32 (42.1%) were receiving ART 25 (32.9%) alcohol abusers Alcohol abuse not associated with a longer time before clinical stability was achieved [29 ] USA 299 HIV positive patients. Amount of alcohol consumed per week or alcohol overuse not predictors of liver test abnormalities [30 ] France 1175 HIV-infected patients Alcohol consumption not associated with HCV-related serious adverse reactions
