Childhood Adversities and Physical and Mental Health Outcomes in Adults Living with HIV: Findings from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study
Table 3
Childhood adversities as predictors of depression (CES-D ≥ 16): results from bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models.
Predictor variable
Bivariable regression model
Multivariable regression model
OR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Number of childhood adversity
Five to seven
6.39 (3.98, 10.28)
<0.001
2.10 (1.07, 4.14)
0.032
Four
4.36 (2.87, 6.62)
<0.001
2.08 (1.16, 3.75)
0.015
Three
3.28 (2.22, 4.87)
<0.001
1.64 (0.96, 2.79)
0.069
Two
1.91 (1.34, 2.73)
<0.001
1.03 (0.64, 1.66)
0.902
One
1.67 (1.19, 2.33)
0.003
1.14 (0.73, 1.79)
0.568
None (ref)
1.00
1.00
Age in years
>50
0.67 (0.43, 1.05)
0.081
0.88 (0.42, 1.85)
0.745
41–50
0.86 (0.55, 1.36)
0.523
1.06 (0.53, 2.15)
0.862
31–40
0.96 (0.59, 1.58)
0.879
0.80 (0.39, 1.64)
0.541
≤30 (ref)
1.00
1.00
-
Sex/gender
Female
1.46 (1.02, 2.08)
0.036
1.80 (1.08, 3.02)
0.025
Male, MSM
0.80 (0.59, 1.08)
0.137
1.33 (0.84, 2.10)
0.227
Male, non-MSM (ref)
1.00
1.00
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous
1.65 (1.02, 2.67)
0.040
0.70 (0.36, 1.43)
0.324
African/Caribbean/Black
1.52 (1.17, 1.98)
0.002
0.40 (0.24, 0.67)
0.001
Other, non-White
1.05 (0.76, 1.47)
0.754
0.67 (0.42, 1.07)
0.090
White (ref)
1.00
-
Education
Less than HS completion
3.96 (2.70, 5.80)
<0.001
1.48 (0.85, 2.60)
0.168
Completed high school
1.92 (1.36, 2.70)
<0.001
1.16 (0.71, 1.89)
0.553
Some postsecondary
1.87 (1.41, 2.50)
<0.001
1.53 (1.02, 2.29)
0.042
Completed university (ref)
1.00
1.00
Born in Canada
Yes
0.88 (0.70, 1.10)
0.251
-
-
No (ref)
1.00
-
-
Currently employed
Yes
0.39 (0.31, 0.50)
<0.001
0.72 (0.51, 1.00)
0.053
No (ref)
1.00
1.00
Hazardous alcohol use
Yes
0.73 (0.58, 0.94)
0.013
0.88 (0.61, 1.25)
0.462
No (ref)
1.00
1.00
Cigarette smoking
Current smoker
1.60 (1.23, 2.07)
<0.001
0.84 (0.56, 1.26)
0.391
Former smoker
1.05 (0.79, 1.39)
0.751
0.88 (0.58, 1.34)
0.543
Never smoker (ref)
1.00
1.00
Nonmedicinal drug use
Yes
1.39 (1.00, 1.92)
0.049
1.03 (0.63, 1.69)
0.905
No (ref)
1.00
1.00
Duration of HIV infection
Years (per 10 years)
0.88 (0.77, 1.01)
0.080
1.00 (0.79, 1.27)
0.995
Diagnosed with AIDS
Yes
0.92 (0.73, 1.15)
0.448
-
-
No (ref)
1.00
-
-
Recent CD4 count (cells/mm3)
≥500
0.68 (0.45, 1.03)
0.066
0.83 (0.44, 1.55)
0.558
200–499
0.72 (0.47, 1.09)
0.120
0.84 (0.45, 1.56)
0.577
<200 (ref)
1.00
1.00
HIV viral load (copies/mL)
≥50
1.37 (1.05, 1.80)
0.021
0.84 (0.51, 1.39)
0.499
<50 (ref)
1.00
1.00
On antiretroviral treatment
Yes
0.69 (0.47, 1.01)
0.058
1.06 (0.54, 2.09)
0.864
No (ref)
1.00
1.00
Bold face indicates statistical significance .Note. Variables with in bivariable regression models were included in the multivariable regression model. The final multivariable model is further adjusted for mastery, social support, coping, and stress.
