Socioeconomic Status and Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Uganda: Evidence from Multilevel Modelling of AIDS Indicator Survey Data

Table 2

Odds ratios (OR) of being HIV positive for women and men, Uganda AIS, 2004-2005 and 2011 ().

Parameters	Model 1		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Fixed effects
Constant	0.06	[0.06–0.08]	0.02	[0.02–0.03]	0.01	[0.00–0.01]
Model 1: Socio-economic factors
Wealth status (Ref: Lowest)
Second	1.04	[0.90–1.20]	1.07	[0.93–1.24]	1.04	[0.90–1.20]
Middle	1.00	[0.86–1.15]	1.06	[0.91–1.23]	1.02	[0.88–1.19]
Fourth	1.02	[0.88–1.18]	1.09	[0.93–1.27]	1.05	[0.90–1.22]
Highest	1.05	[0.90–1.22]	1.20	[1.02–1.40]	1.15	[0.98–1.35]
Education (Ref: No)
Incomplete primary	0.91	[0.80–1.04]	1.23	[1.08–1.41]	1.12	[0.98–1.28]
Complete primary	1.00	[0.86–1.18]	1.32	[1.12–1.56]	1.17	[0.99–1.39]
Incomplete secondary	0.67	[0.57–0.78]	1.10	[0.93–1.30]	0.95	[0.80–1.13]
Complete secondary & higher	0.54	[0.43–0.68]	0.74	[0.58–0.94]	0.63	[0.49–0.81]
Missing	1.20	[0.34–4.23]	1.70	[0.47–6.10]	1.58	[0.44–5.65]
Model 2: Other socio-economic factors
Place of residence (Ref: Urban)
Rural			0.52	[0.44–0.60]	0.60	[0.51–0.70]
Ethnicity (Ref: Baganda)
Banyankole/Bakiga			1.18	[0.99–1.40]	1.43	[1.21–1.70]
Iteso/Karimojong			0.75	[0.60–0.93]	0.86	[0.69–1.07]
Lubgbara/Madi			0.48	[0.36–0.62]	0.61	[0.47–0.80]
Basoga			0.79	[0.63–0.98]	0.76	[0.62–0.95]
Langi/Acholi			1.22	[0.99–1.50]	1.42	[1.16–1.75]
Bagisu/Sabiny			0.80	[0.61–1.05]	0.73	[0.56–0.95]
Alur/Japadhola			0.79	[0.61–1.03]	0.83	[0.64–1.08]
Banyoro/Batoro			1.36	[1.11–1.67]	1.33	[1.08–1.64]
All others			0.87	[0.72–1.04]	0.95	[0.80–1.14]
Time in years (Ref: 2004-05)
2011			1.23	[1.09–1.39]	1.23	[1.09–1.38]
Model 3: Socio-demographic factors
Age of respondent (Ref: 45–59 years)
15–24 years			0.82	[0.69–0.97]	1.08	[0.91–1.29]
25–34 years			1.53	[1.34–1.75]	1.71	[1.49–1.96]
35–44 years			1.69	[1.48–1.93]	1.77	[1.54–2.03]
Marital status (Ref: Never been married)
Married/living together			2.32	[1.94–2.77]	2.22	[1.81–2.73]
Widowed			11.12	[8.88–13.93]	7.94	[6.24–10.11]
Divorced/separated			5.22	[4.28–6.36]	3.60	[2.90–4.47]
Sex of respondent (Ref: Men)
Women			1.13	[1.03–1.24]	1.72	[1.54–1.91]
Model 4: Sexual practices
Drunk with alcohol (Ref: No)
Drunk					1.25	[1.12–1.40]
Not applicable					0.27	[0.02–4.84]
Condom use during risky sex (Ref: No)
Used condom					2.31	[2.00–2.67]
Not applicable					5.83	[0.33–103.37]
Multiple sexual partners (Ref: 1 partner)
2–4 partners					2.13	[1.86–2.44]
>4 partners					3.87	[3.29–4.54]
Not applicable					0.82	[0.58–1.14]
HIV/AIDS knowledge (Ref: No knowledge)
Lowest knowledge					1.13	[0.80–1.59]
Medium knowledge					1.12	[0.82–1.52]
Highest knowledge					1.39	[1.03–1.89]
Random effects
Cluster variance	0.566	0.049	0.363	0.039	0.313	0.036
Clusters	887		887		887
Individual	39766		39766		39766

OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals. significance at 5%, .