Socioeconomic Status and Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Uganda: Evidence from Multilevel Modelling of AIDS Indicator Survey Data

Table 5

Odds ratios of HIV prevalence showing significant interactions with place of residence, UAIS, 2004-2005 and 2011.

Parameter	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Fixed effects
Constant	0.09	[0.08–0.10]	0.20	[0.13–0.29]	0.01	[0.00–0.03]
Model 1: Place of residence
Place of residence (Ref: Urban)
Rural	0.58	[0.50–0.68]	0.45	[0.28–0.71]	0.30	[0.10–0.90]
Model 2: Socio-economic factors
Wealth status (Ref: Lowest)
Second			1.14	[0.88–1.47]	1.20	[0.91–1.57]
Middle			1.12	[0.85–1.46]	1.27	[0.95–1.69]
Fourth			0.86	[0.64–1.16]	0.98	[0.71–1.34]
Highest			0.85	[0.62–1.17]	1.05	[0.75–1.47]
Second. Rural			0.88	[0.65–1.18]	0.84	[0.61–1.16]
Middle. Rural			0.85	[0.62–1.17]	0.77	[0.55–1.07]
Fourth. Rural			1.22	[0.87–1.70]	1.10	[0.77–1.58]
Highest. Rural			1.28	[0.89–1.83]	1.08	[0.73–1.59]
Education (Ref: No education)
Incomplete primary			0.68	[0.49–0.93]	0.95	[0.67–1.35]
Complete primary			0.54	[0.38–0.78]	0.75	[0.50–1.11]
Incomplete secondary			0.36	[0.26–0.50]	0.66	[0.45–0.95]
Complete secondary & higher			0.26	[0.17–0.38]	0.42	[0.27–0.65]
Missing			1.11	[0.10–12.23]	3.04	[0.27–34.38]
Incomplete primary. Rural			1.30	[0.92–1.84]	1.15	[0.79–1.70]
Complete primary. Rural			1.83	[1.22–2.73]	1.64	[1.06–2.55]
Incomplete secondary. Rural			1.85	[1.27–2.69]	1.55	[1.02–2.37]
Complete secondary & higher. Rural			2.41	[1.46–3.99]	1.91	[1.10–3.33]
Missing. Rural			1.00	[0.06–16.57]	0.43	[0.02–7.63]
Ethnicity (Ref: Baganda)
Banyankole/Bakiga			1.43	[1.07–1.91]	1.64	[1.21–2.24]
Iteso/Karimojong			1.41	[0.94–2.12]	1.74	[1.14–2.67]
Lubgbara/Madi			1.17	[0.75–1.82]	1.53	[0.94–2.48]
Basoga			1.11	[0.79–1.57]	1.14	[0.79–1.64]
Langi/Acholi			1.52	[1.02–2.27]	2.03	[1.33–3.08]
Bagisu/Sabiny			1.19	[0.71–1.98]	1.02	[0.59–1.77]
Alur/Japadhola			0.79	[0.46–1.35]	1.00	[0.57–1.74]
Banyoro/Batoro			1.60	[1.12–2.27]	1.62	[1.11–2.37]
All others			0.94	[0.68–1.29]	1.16	[0.83–1.62]
Banyankole/Bakiga. Rural			0.62	[0.44–0.89]	0.71	[0.49–1.04]
Iteso/Karimojong. Rural			0.35	[0.22–0.56]	0.36	[0.22–0.59]
Lubgbara/Madi. Rural			0.26	[0.15–0.44]	0.26	[0.14–0.46]
Basoga.Rural			0.51	[0.33–0.79]	0.50	[0.32–0.78]
Langi/Acholi. Rural			0.60	[0.38–0.96]	0.55	[0.34–0.90]
Bagisu/Sabiny. Rural			0.48	[0.27–0.87]	0.56	[0.30–1.05]
Alur/Japadhola. Rural			0.80	[0.44–1.48]	0.68	[0.36–1.29]
Banyoro/Batoro. Rural			0.64	[0.42–1.00]	0.66	[0.42–1.04]
All others. Rural			0.74	[0.51–1.09]	0.67	[0.45–1.00]
Time in years (Ref: 2004-05)
UG6 (2011)			0.96	[0.75–1.23]	1.00	[0.78–1.29]
UG6.Rural			1.29	[0.98–1.71]	1.26	[0.95–1.67]
Model 3: Socio-demographic factors
Age of respondent (45–59 years)
15–24 years					0.89	[0.62–1.28]
25–34 years					1.42	[1.05–1.92]
35–44 years					1.50	[1.10–2.04]
15–24 years. Rural					1.27	[0.84–1.91]
25–34 years. Rural					1.27	[0.90–1.78]
35–44 years. Rural					1.24	[0.88–1.76]
Sex of respondent (Ref: Men)
Women					2.18	[1.75–2.71]
Women. Rural					0.74	[0.57–0.95]
Marital status (Ref: Never been married)
Married/living together					2.02	[1.44–2.84]
Widowed					6.22	[3.99–9.68]
Divorced/separated					2.99	[2.09–4.27]
Married/living together. Rural					1.14	[0.75–1.75]
Widowed. Rural					1.36	[0.80–2.32]
Divorced/separated. Rural					1.29	[0.82–2.02]
Drunk with alcohol before risky sex (Ref: No)
Drunk					1.54	[1.22–1.95]
Not applicable					0.69	[0.03–14.80]
Drunk. Rural					0.78	[0.60–1.02]
Not applicable. Rural					0.32	[0.00–24.69]
Condom use during risky sex (Ref: No)
Used condom					1.91	[1.48–2.47]
Not applicable					1.99	[0.09–42.92]
Used condom. Rural					1.34	[0.98–1.83]
Not applicable. Rural					3.78	[0.05–291.30]
Multiple sexual partners (Ref: 1 sex partner)
2–4 partners					1.97	[1.47–2.64]
>4 partners					3.55	[2.54–4.95]
Not applicable					0.50	[0.25–1.02]
2–4 partners.Rural					1.09	[0.78–1.51]
>4 partners. Rural					1.10	[0.75–1.61]
Not applicable. Rural					1.89	[0.84–4.25]
AIDS knowledge (Ref: No knowledge)
Lowest knowledge					0.66	[0.29–1.52]
Medium knowledge					0.77	[0.37–1.61]
Highest knowledge					0.89	[0.43–1.83]
Lowest knowledge. Rural					1.82	[0.73–4.54]
Medium knowledge. Rural					1.47	[0.65–3.31]
Highest knowledge. Rural					1.61	[0.73–3.57]
Random effects
Constant	0.478	0.044	0.363	0.035	0.293	0.035
Cluster	887		887		887
Individual	39766		39766		39766

OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals. significance at 5% level, .