AIDS Research and Treatment

Research Article

Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome and 5-Year Cardiovascular Risk Estimates among HIV-Positive Individuals from an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital

Table 3

Factors associated with MS on univariate analysis (n = 182).


Variable	Category	MS present (n = 73)	MS absent (n = 109)	OR with 95% CI	value

Background characteristics
Age in years	≤45	23 (31.5)	56 (51.4)	1	—
Age in years	>45	50 (68.5)	53 (48.6)	2.2 (1.2–4.2)	0.009

Gender	Male	46 (63.0)	69 (63.3)	0.9 (0.5–1.8)	0.96
Gender	Female	27 (37.0)	40 (36.7)	1	—

Marital status	Ever married	71 (97.3)	98 (89.9)	1	—
Marital status	Single	2 (2.7)	11 (10.1)	0.2 (0.0–1.1)	0.07

Education	Up to 7 years of schooling	19 (26.0)	30 (27.5)	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	0.82
Education	>7 years of schooling	54 (74.0)	79 (72.5)	1	—

Occupation	Employed	44 (60.3)	78 (71.6)	1	—
Occupation	Homemaker/unemployed	29 (39.7)	31 (28.4)	1.6 (0.8–3.1)	0.11

Average monthly income	(Median (IQR))	4000 (2500, 7083)	4000 (2500, 6667)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	0.55
Disease- and treatment-related factors
Duration of HIV infection	≤36 months	32 (43.8)	66 (60.6)	1	—
Duration of HIV infection	>36 months	41 (56.2)	43 (39.4)	1.0 (1.0–3.5)	0.02

Recent CD4 count in cells/mm³	≤500	56 (76.7)	89 (81.7)	0.7 (0.3–1.5)	0.41
Recent CD4 count in cells/mm³	>500	17 (23.3)	20 (18.3)	1	—

Treatment status	On ART	53 (72.6)	70 (64.2)	1.4 (0.7–2.8)	0.23
Treatment status	ART naïve	20 (27.4)	39 (35.8)	1	—

Duration of ART (n = 123)	≤36 months	13 (24.5)	31 (44.3)	1	—
Duration of ART (n = 123)	>36 months	40 (75.5)	39 (55.7)	2.4 (1.1–5.3)	0.02

ART regimen	NNRTI based	41 (56.2)	50 (45.9)	1.5 (0.8–3.1)	0.17
	PI based	12 (16.4)	20 (18.3)	1.1 (0.4–2.8)	0.73
	ART naive	20 (27.4)	39 (35.8)	1	—

Lifestyle factors
BMI	Normal (≤23 kg/m²)	24 (32.9)	81 (74.3)	1	—
BMI	Overweight and obese (>23 kg/m²)	49 (67.1)	28 (25.7)	5.9 (3.0–11.3)	< 0.001

Physical activity	Inactive	35 (32.1)	22 (30.1)	0.9 (0.2–3.7)	0.93
	Minimally active	68 (62.4)	47 (64.4)	1.0 (0.2–3.8)	0.95
	HEPA	6 (5.5)	4 (5.5)	1	—

Tobacco consumption	Ever	11 (15.1)	21 (19.3)	0.7 (0.3–1.6)	0.46
Tobacco consumption	Never	62 (84.9)	88 (80.7)	1	—

Alcohol consumption	Ever	19 (26.0)	30 (27.5)	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	0.82
Alcohol consumption	Never	54 (74.0)	79 (72.5)	1	—

High-fat item consumption	Daily	8 (11.0)	23 (21.1)	0.4 (0.1–1.1)	0.09
	2-3 times/week to once/week.	39 (53.4)	53 (48.6)	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	0.83
	No/rarely	26 (35.6)	33 (30.3)	1	—

High-sugar item consumption	Daily	24 (32.9)	63 (57.8)	0.2 (0.09–0.4)	< 0.001
	2-3 times/week to once/week	19 (26.0)	30 (27.5)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)	0.011
	No/rarely	30 (41.1)	16 (14.7)	1	—

High-salt item consumption	Daily	29 (39.7)	56 (51.4)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)	0.01
	2-3 times/week to once/week	21 (28.8)	37 (33.7)	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	0.02
	No/rarely	23 (31.5)	16 (14.7)	1	—

Fish consumption	Daily	9 (12.3)	7 (6.4)	1	—
	2-3 times/week to once/week	33 (45.2)	36 (33.0)	0.7 (0.2–2.1)	0.54
	No/rarely	31 (42.5)	66 (60.6)	0.3 (0.1–1.0)	0.06

Vegetable consumption	Daily	71 (97.3)	108 (99.1)	1	—
Vegetable consumption	2-3 times/week	2 (2.7)	1 (0.9)	3.0 (0.2–34.1)	0.36

Family history of hypertension	Present	25 (34.2)	20 (18.3)	2.3 (1.6–4.5)	0.01
Family history of hypertension	Absent	48 (65.8)	89 (81.7)	1	—

Family history of DM	Present	26 (35.6)	27 (24.8)	1.6 (0.8–3.2)	0.11
Family history of DM	Absent	47 (64.4)	82 (75.2)	1	—

Family history of CVD	Present	7 (9.6)	2 (1.8)	5.6 (1.1–28.1)	0.03
Family history of CVD	Absent	66 (90.4)	107 (98.2)	1	—

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; HEPA, health enhancing physical activity; CVD, cardiovascular disease;