Research Article
Metabolic Syndrome and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients in Periurban Hospital in Ghana: A Case-Control Study
Table 1
General characteristics of study participants.
| | | All participants | Non-HIV controls | ART-naïve HIV patients | cART-treated HIV patients | |
| | N | 464 | 156 | 150 | 158 | | | Age, years | 38.4 ± 13.7 | 36.7 ± 14.4 | 38.2 ± 11.6 | 39 ± 11.4 | 0.109 | | Females, n (%) | 312 (67.2) | 106 (67.9) | 84 (56) | 122 (77.2) | 0.02 | | Married, n (%) | 198 (42.7) | 70 (44.9) | 62 (41.3) | 66 (41.8) | 0.79 | | Smoking, n (%) | 0.029 | | Current | 16 (3.4) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.7) | 10 (6.3) | | Former | 57 (15.9) | 9 (5.8) | 22 (14.6) | 26 (16.5) | | Never | 187 (80.6) | 71 (92.9) | 124 (82.7) | 132 (83.5) | | Alcohol intake, n (%) | 102 (22) | 38 (24.4) | 36 (24) | 28 (17.7) | 0.55 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 87 ± 12 | 85 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | 90 ± 12# | 0.002 | | Hip circumference (cm) | 102 ± 11 | 103 ± 11 | 99 ± 11 | 103 ± 11 | 0.074 | | Body height (cm) | 164 ± 7 | 164 ± 8 | 164 ± 7 | 162 ± 7 | 0.194 | | Waist-hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.08# | <0.001 | | Body weight (kg) | 60 ± 13.2 | 68 ± 13.3 | 64.4 ± 7.3 | 65.8 ± 14 | 0.204 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 5 | 25.4 ± 4.7 | 23.7 ± 4.4 | 25.3 ± 5.7 | 0.061 | | BMI categories, n (%) | 0.024 | | Underweight | 34 (7.4) | 6 (3.9) | 16 (10.7) | 12 (7.6) | | Normal | 238 (51.5) | 70 (45.5) | 94 (62.7) | 74 (46.8) | | Overweight | 116 (25.1) | 46 (29.9) | 18 (12) | 52 (32.9) | | Obese | 74 (16) | 32 (20.8) | 22 (14.7) | 20 (12.7) | | Body fat (%) | 31 ± 12.2 | 32.4 ± 12.5 | 27.6 ± 11.8 | 32.8 ± 11.6# | 0.014 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134 ± 18 | 132 ± 13 | 133 ± 19 | 137 ± 22 | 0.184 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83 ± 11 | 80 ± 9 | 83 ± 12 | 86 ± 12# | 0.008 | | Mean BP (mmHg) | 100 ± 14 | 98 ± 10 | 99 ± 14 | 104 ± 16# | 0.007 | | Pulse BP (mmHg) | 51 ± 13 | 52 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 | 51 ± 13 | 0.672 | | Heart rate (bpm) | 74 ± 9 | 72 ± 8 | 73 ± 9 | 80 ± 8# | <0.001 | | Hypertension, n (%) | 162 (34.9) | 48 (30.8) | 46 (30.7) | 68 (43) | 0.031 | | FPG (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | | Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 5 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.128 | | LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.7# | <0.001 | | Current CD4 count (cells/mm2) | 405 (273–562) | | 430 (327–534) | 403 (253–583) | 0.804 |
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: compared to non-HIV; #: compared to treatment naïve HIV patients. |
