Metabolic Syndrome and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients in Periurban Hospital in Ghana: A Case-Control Study

Table 4

Determinants of metabolic syndrome in all study participants.

	MetS (OR (95% CI))
	Unadjusted	Adjusted
HIV status: reference = non-HIV
ART-naïve	1.4 (0.83–2.35)	2.04 (1.01–4.15)	0.048
cART-treated	6.54 (4–10.78)	7.24 (3.41–15.39)	<0.001
Age	1.03 (1.02–1.05)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.657
Females	2.98 (1.91–4.63)	2.89 (1.71–4.87)	<0.001
Unmarried	0.71 (0.49–1.03)	0.77 (0.47–1.26)	0.298
Alcohol intake	0.68 (0.42–1.08)	0.93 (0.53–1.62)	0.79
Current smoking	1.64 (0.6–4.44)	1.05 (0.34–3.22)	0.931
Employment (reference: unemployed)
Employed	1.01 (0.54–1.87)	1.12 (0.55–2.25)	0.762
Self-employed	2.23 (1.17–4.26)	1.36 (0.64–2.86)	0.422
Education: reference = no formal education
Basic/JHS	0.79 (0.42–1.46)	1.67 (0.8–3.51)	0.175
SHS/Tech	0.24 (0.11–0.53)	0.79 (0.3–2.08)	0.63
Tertiary	0.22 (0.11–0.44)	1.05 (0.4–2.77)	0.927

MetS, metabolic syndrome; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; JHS, junior high school; SHS, senior high school; Tech, technical/vocational education.