Adsorptive Behavior of Prepared Metal-Organic Framework Composites on Phosphates in Aqueous Solutions

Zhao, Yan; Guo, Hui-xuan; Han, Hong-guang; Zhang, Jia-qi; Hu, Xiao-min

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690361

Adsorption Science & Technology

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6690361 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690361

Adsorptive Behavior of Prepared Metal-Organic Framework Composites on Phosphates in Aqueous Solutions

Yan Zhao,¹Hui-xuan Guo,²Hong-guang Han,³Jia-qi Zhang,²and Xiao-min Hu¹

Academic Editor: Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet

Received29 Jul 2020

Accepted09 Nov 2020

Published04 Feb 2021

Abstract

As an efficient water treatment method for treating dilute solution systems, electrosorption is promising for the separation and recovery of organic compounds, wastewater treatment, and deep purification of water. Here, two types of UiO-66 samples were prepared using the solvothermal synthesis method, and the effects of different regulators on the microstructure of materials were compared using the various characterization methods. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbon and two types of materials were tested by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy, and the desalination effect of the materials on phosphate was investigated. The UiO-66 material with uniform-size particles, smaller-size particles, and more surface adsorption sites exhibited better phosphate removal and adsorption capacity. It was found that the desalination process of the UiO-66 material is reversible, and the adsorbent material can be reused, which is advantageous for engineering applications.

1. Introduction

Phosphorus pollution has become a common and prominent problem in water pollution [1, 2]. Chemical coagulation precipitation is the most widely method for phosphorus removal, and it is stable and reliable while at the same time strongly affected by pH [3]. The solid sludge generated using this method causes secondary environmental risks [4]. The biological approach toward phosphorus removal is relatively economical, does not affect the removal effect of total nitrogen, and does not generate large amounts of chemical sludge, compared with the chemical precipitation method [5]. However, the performance of the biological method is easily affected by the influent water quality, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, sludge residence time, and temperature. In general, biological phosphorus removal alone does not meet the discharge requirements of the effluent concentration below 0.5 mg/L of phosphorus and is usually accompanied by chemical phosphorus removal [6, 7]. Crystallization-based phosphorus removal is of significant interest in the field of wastewater phosphorus removal and phosphorus recovery and constitutes a reliable advanced method for treating phosphorus-containing wastewater [8–10]. However, the crystallization approach requires the influent to be alkaline and also requires a certain concentration of calcium ions [11].

Compared with the above methods, adsorption-based methods are considered to be among the most promising for phosphate removal, owing to their relatively simple operation, fast and efficient removal effect, reusability, and low operating cost; an example is phosphate removal using the “green roof” scheme. Therefore, significant research effort has been made for developing highly selective and cost-effective adsorbents, for the removal of excess phosphate from water; examples include activated carbon, iron oxides, and zeolite [12–15]. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used for efficient removal and recovery of phosphorus from wastewater, owing to their remarkable phosphate adsorption selectivity and chelating potential. Compared with traditional adsorbents, MOFs have more advantages, such as porosity and adjustable pore size, large specific surface area, structural diversity, and presence of unsaturated metal sites [16]. Owing to the low chemical and hydrothermal stability of MOFs, the development of MOFs had been limited to a certain extent until the development of UiO-66 synthesis improved the situation [17–19]. UiO-66 is a type of the MOF material prepared with Zr⁴⁺ as the central metal ion and with terephthalic acid as the ligand [20, 21]. UiO-66 has good thermal and chemical stability and can form tetrahedral and octahedral cage structures [22]. Qiu et al. proposed a novel method for immobilizing water-stable MOF UiO-66 nanoparticles within modified wheat straws, using in situ hydrothermal synthesis, with excellent selectivity and preference toward phosphate [23]. Lin et al. used an amine-substituted ligand to prepare UiO-66-NH₂, which was capable of adsorbing phosphate in urine and completely removing diluted phosphate in urine [24]. Min et al. synthesized the novel lanthanum-doped UiO-66 (La-UiO-66), which was proved to have a greater adsorption capacity for phosphate. The maximum adsorption capacity was 348.43 mg/g for 0.2La-UiO-66 [25]. Wang et al. analyzed the phosphate adsorption mechanism in HCl-UiO-66 and HCl-NH2-UiO-66 by testing the relationship between the adsorbed phosphate and released linker in the adsorption process [26].

Compared with the traditional desalination technology, the electrosorption desalination technology has the advantages of low energy consumption, high water utilization rate, no secondary pollution, simple operation and maintenance, and strong antipollution ability. It is thus an effective and economical desalination technology [27]. The electrochemical adsorption technology at home and abroad has been mainly focused on the electrodes made of graphite, activated carbon particles, activated carbon fibers, and carbon aerogels [28–30].

Based on the advantages of UiO-66, we synthesized UiO-66 using two regulators. The synthesis of MOFs has gone through three stages: the first stage is the diffusion method, which can obtain the larger size single crystal, but takes a relatively long time; the second stage is the solvothermal synthesis method, which can control the size, shape, and crystallinity of MOF materials (especially single crystal); the last stage is the microwave-assisted method, ultrasonic method, and mechanical grinding method which are conducive to rapid batch synthesis of MOF materials. Therefore, in this paper, two types of UiO-66 samples were prepared using the solvothermal synthesis method. The morphologies of the two synthesized UiO-66 materials were analyzed and compared using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical properties of activated carbon and the two synthesized UiO-66 materials were tested using cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy. The adsorption and electrosorption characteristics of the two synthesized UiO-66 materials were also investigated in terms of the desalination effect of phosphate.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of UiO-66

In this work, UiO-66 was prepared by solvothermal synthesis. ZrCl₄ (0.63 g, 2.7 mmol) as a metal source and terephthalic acid (0.63 g, 3.8 mmol) as an organic ligand were added to an organic solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) while stirring using a magnetic stirrer. Then, 37% acetic acid (5 mL) and 37% hydrochloric acid (5 mL) were added as regulators. After uniform stirring, the solution was placed in a Teflon-lined reaction vessel (100 mL), and the reactor was heated in a drying chamber at 120°C for 24 h. Next, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, an appropriate amount of the methanol solution was added, and the solution was let to stand for 6 hours. The reaction liquid with the acetic acid as the regulator was centrifuged three times, and a suitable amount of the methanol solution was added each time, finally yielding UiO-66 (acetic acid) as the initial product. The reaction liquid with the hydrochloric acid as the regulator was filtrated three times, and a suitable amount of the methanol solution was added each time, finally yielding UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) as the initial product. Finally, white-powder UiO-66 samples were obtained by drying the initial product in a drying chamber at 100°C for 20 hours.

2.2. Characterization Analysis of UiO-66

The phase purity and stability of framework structure of two UiO-66 samples synthesized using the two regulators were analyzed in terms of the XRD (X’Pert Pro, PANalytical, Holland), the radiation source was Cu Kα-ray (), voltage was 40 kV, current was 40 mA, scanning angle 2θ was 5° to 90°, and the test was carried out at room temperature. The amount of sample used in the test was about 20 mg. The morphological differences between the two samples were analyzed in terms of SEM (SSX-550, Shimadzu, Japan), and the magnification was 70k. The samples were also analyzed by the TEM (Tecnai G²20, Hillsboro, America), and the acceleration voltage was 200 kV.

2.3. Electrochemical Performance

The electrochemical properties of the prepared UiO-66 samples were characterized and analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance measurements. Commercial activated carbon or UiO-66 samples, a conductive agent (carbon black), and a polytetrafluoroethylene dilute binder (PVDF) were mixed evenly, according to the mass ratio of 8 : 1 : 1. A suitable amount of the dimethylacetamide solvent was added to mix for 4 hours, under magnetic stirring, to form a slurry with a certain viscosity. The slurry was uniformly coated on a rectangular nickel foam collector and dried at 100°C for 20 hours. Commercial carbon and UiO-66 samples’ coating electrodes were obtained. The cyclic voltammetry test used a three-electrode system with the electrode prepared using commercial activated carbon or UiO-66 samples as the working electrode with the area of 1 cm²; an Ag/AgCl electrode and a platinum wire electrode were used as the reference electrode and the counter electrode, respectively, and the electrolyte solution was 1 mol/L NaCl solution. The cyclic voltammetry test and the AC impedance test were performed using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E), using the above-described experimental system. Within a certain range of voltages, the scanning rates of 0.2 V/s, 0.1 V/s, 0.05 V/s, 0.02 V/s, and 0.01 V/s were applied to the electrodes, and the response currents of the electrodes were measured at the same time, allowing to obtain current-voltage curves [31]. The specific capacitance was calculated using the following equation: where (in farads) represents the specific capacitance, (in amperes) represents the response current density, (in volts) is the potential window, (in volts/second) is the potential scan rate, and (in grams) is the total mass of the electrode materials.

The AC impedance test used the same three-electrode system. The voltage was 0.005 V, and the frequency ranged from 0.01 Hz to 10000 Hz. The AC impedance spectra were obtained.

2.4. Electrosorption-Desorption Experiment

The electrosorption-desorption experiment of the corresponding solution was performed on the electrode made of commercial activated carbon and the prepared UiO-66 samples, to determine the phosphate removal of the prepared UiO-66 materials with respect to phosphate. Commercial activated carbon or the prepared UiO-66 samples, the conductive agent (carbon black), and the polytetrafluoroethylene dilute binder (PVDF) were mixed evenly, according to the mass ratio of 8 : 1 : 1. A suitable amount of the dimethylacetamide solvent was added and mixed for 4 hours, under magnetic stirring, to form a slurry. The slurry was evenly spread on a 25 m² area graphite plate and dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C for 20 hours.

The phosphate removal and the electrosorption capacity were the main indicators of the desalination capacity of the prepared UiO-66 materials with respect to the electrosorption desalination. The phosphate removal was computed as follows: where (in mg/L) is the concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in the initial solution, and (in mg/L) is the concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in the solution after (min) operation in the capacitive phosphate removal process.

The calculation formula of electrosorption capacity (mg/g) is as follows: where (L) is the volume of the treatment solution and (g) is the mass of the effective electrode material in the electrode.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of UiO-66

Regulators are an important factor that affects the synthesis of MOFs. Different types and amounts of regulators affect the synthesis environment of crystal materials, nucleation and growth of crystals, and further affect the relative crystallinity and grain size of MOFs [32, 33]. In the coordination process of metal ions and organic ligands, the regulator replaces part of the organic ligand in the metal skeleton.

Figure 1 shows the XRD spectra of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid), UiO-66 (acetic acid), and single-crystal simulated XRD spectrum of the UiO-66 powder, which was reported by Andreas et al. [34]. The peaks for UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) and UiO-66 (acetic acid) are consistent with the characteristic peaks in the simulated spectrum of UiO-66 and have the same relative intensities and shapes; in addition, there are almost no other miscellaneous peaks. The XRD spectra of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) and UiO-66 (acetic acid) exhibit slight fluctuations in the 50°–90° range, which may be caused by the uneven surface of the sample on the glass slide during the sample preparation. The XRD spectra of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) and UiO-66 (acetic acid) all exhibit characteristic peaks at , 8.48°, 12.04°, 14.15°, 17.08°, 22.25°, 25.68°, and 33.12°, corresponding to the (111), (002), (113), (004), (115), (224), and (137) crystal faces, respectively. So, UiO-66 was successfully synthesized in this experiment, exhibiting good crystallinity, high symmetry, good topological structure, and porous cage structure in the skeleton. The relative intensities of the characteristic diffraction peaks of UiO-66 (acetic acid) are weaker than those of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid), indicating that UiO-66 (acetic acid) has poor crystallinity but features more surface adsorption sites.

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the SEM characterization of the UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) samples, respectively. The UiO-66 particles, with the acetic acid as the regulator, are octahedral, with uniform distribution of particles and with a particle size of 30 nm (Figure 2(a)). Smaller-size UiO-66 particles tend to agglomerate and provide a larger specific surface area, which significantly increases the electrochemical reaction area. The shape of the UiO-66 particles with the hydrochloric acid as the regulator is irregular octahedron and varies greatly. The particle sizes are mostly in the 100–200 nm range (Figure 2(b)). The dispersion of the UiO-66 particles (hydrochloric acid) is good, and different-size particles form partial clusters.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The UiO-66 particles, prepared with the acetic acid as the regulator, are highly symmetric (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). A Zr₆ octahedral nucleus is coordinated with 12 terephthalic acid ligands to form tetrahedral and octahedral cages. Each octahedral cage is connected with a tetrahedral cage on eight surfaces, and this connection extends continuously in the three-dimensional space. The UiO-66 particles prepared with the hydrochloric acid as the regulator exhibit larger crystallinity, larger particle size, and larger particle dispersion.

The SEM and TEM images show that, by adding the acetic acid as a regulator, the obtained UiO-66 material has uniform distribution of uniform-size and small-size particles. The UiO-66 sample particles with the hydrochloric acid as a regulator exhibit dispersion, non-uniform-size particles, and a wide range of particle sizes. To conclude, UiO-66 materials with different-size particles can be prepared by using different regulators.

3.2. Electrochemical Performance Test Result Analysis

At the scanning rate of 0.01 V/s, the shape of the cyclic voltammetry curve for commercial activated carbon is most similar to that of a parallel quadrilateral. With increasing the scanning rate, the shape of the curve gradually deviates from the parallelogram one and turns into an ellipse (Fig. AM1(a)). The main reasons for this are the decentralized capacitance effect and the ohmic voltage drop in the cyclic voltammetry test process. It takes a certain time for the current to reach a stable state. With increasing the scanning rate, the average capacitance decreases [35]. This happens because the slower the scanning speed is, the more time it takes for the pulse voltage to contact the micropore of the activated carbon electrode, and the larger the average capacitance is. On the contrary, if the scanning speed is fast and the time is too short, the pulse voltage cannot reach the micropore of the activated carbon electrode, and the capacitance is relatively low [27, 36].

The cyclic voltammetry curves for the UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) materials are smooth and symmetrical (Figs. AM1(b) and AM1(c)). The cyclic voltammetry curves for the UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) materials are most similar to those of parallelograms, at a scanning rate of 0.002 V/s. In this experiment, the capacities of commercial activated carbon, the UiO-66 (acetic acid), and the UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) materials, at a scanning rate of 0.01 V/s, were, respectively, 33.01, 2.18, and 3.98 times higher than those at a scanning rate of 0.2 V/s. The scanning rate had the strongest effect for commercial activated carbon.

As shown in Fig. AM2, the capacitance of commercial activated carbon is higher than that of the UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) materials. The main reason is that the effective contact area between the UiO-66 particles and the conductive agent carbon black is smaller than that between commercial activated carbon and carbon black, and the conductivity of the material itself is slightly lower. In cyclic voltammetry, for scanning rates above 0.01 V/s, the specific capacitance of commercial activated carbon materials decays very fast, and the charge–discharge ratio performance is limited to a certain extent.

At a scanning rate of 0.01 V/s, the average capacitances of the UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) materials are similar. However, with increasing the scanning rate, the attenuation of the average capacitance varies, and the average capacitance of the UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) material decreases more (Figure 3). This may be owing to the influence of different regulators on the porosity of UiO-66. When the scanning rate is the same, the pores of UiO-66 material with higher porosity will enter more pulse voltage.

The AC impedance spectra of the three different electrodes are shown in Fig. AM3. The EIS curves of commercial activated carbon and the two synthesized UiO-66 materials have similar shapes. They are composed of a half-circle in the high-frequency region and a slanted line in the low-frequency region, which may be caused by the surface roughness and pore inhomogeneity of the studied electrodes that are made of porous materials. The high-frequency half-circle curve is determined by the electrolyte resistance, internal material resistance, and charge transfer resistance, while the low-frequency straight line is caused by the ionic diffusion of the electrolyte during charging and discharging, which is related to the capacitance performance of materials [35]. The semicircle in the high-frequency region reflects the charge transfer process during the electrochemical reaction. The diameter of the semicircle is called reaction resistance () and is also known as the Faraday resistance [36]. Usually, if the reaction resistance of the electrode material is low, the internal resistance of the material’s electrochemical reaction is low as well, and the charge transfer process can occur at the interface of the formed double layer, with excellent reaction kinetic characteristics.

Figs. AM3(a)–AM3(c) show typical Warburg impedance characteristic curves, which are determined by the mass transfer diffusion control [7]. To contrast Figs. AM3(b) and AM3(c), the semicircular curve for the UiO-66 (HCl) material is almost a straight line. It may be that after the cyclic voltammetry test of the same nickel foam collector in the AC impedance test, most of the surface coating is removed, and only a small amount of the electrode conducting fluid is present on the foam nickel.

3.3. Phosphate Removal of Electrosorption Analysis

To determine whether the graphite plate electrodes made of the synthesized UiO-66 materials support desalination, 500 mg/L of the sodium chloride solution was prepared for desalination by electrosorption, and conductivity changes were observed. During 5 minutes of adsorption, the conductivity of the sodium chloride solution gradually decreased from 961 s/cm to 943 s/cm and remained unchanged for 8 minutes, reaching an equilibrium (Fig. AM4). After 27 minutes, the conductivity of the solution increased to 954 s/cm, and the ions adsorbed on the electrode were partly released into the original solution during the desorption process, with a desorption rate of 54%. The results show that the graphite plate electrodes prepared from the synthesized UiO-66 materials exhibit good desalination performance, and the capacitance of the materials has a certain binding effect on Na⁺, Mg²⁺ plasma in water, which exhibits certain cyclic reversibility and regeneration performance.

Different concentrations of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution were used for the electrosorption testing. Figure 4 shows that the conductivity of the two synthesized UiO-66 samples in the process of desalination by electrosorption, at four different concentrations of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution, does not increase but decreases, which is inconsistent with the general electrosorption process. However, when the same UiO-66 sample electrode was electroadsorbed in the sodium chloride solution, its conductivity decreased, indicating that the graphite plate electrode had a certain desalination performance. It was suspected that salt ions were mixed into the sample material preparation process. Therefore, pure UiO-66 samples were directly adsorbed to observe changes in the conductivity during the adsorption process, for further research and analysis.

(a)

(b)

Adsorption experiments were performed by adding 0.1 g each of the two synthesized UiO-66 samples to the 100 mL sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (Fig. AM5). For the synthesized UiO-66, the conductivity still increased during the adsorption process; however, in literature, the phosphate removal performance of the UiO-66 adsorbent has been studied, which suggests the feasibility of using this adsorbent in practical applications [37]. At the same time, commercial activated carbon exhibited a certain desalination effect when it was electroadsorbed with the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution, and it is pure and free from impurities and other ions (additional material in Figs. AM6–AM9). In conclusion, it is reasonable to suspect that the prepared UiO-66 sample particles may have more salt ions attached to them, and the dissolution during adsorption results in an increase in their conductivity.

The conductivity values for the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions at different concentrations were determined at 25°C. The results are listed in Table 1.

The conductivity of UiO-66 (acetic acid) solution and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) solution was 74.5 μs/cm and 58.7 μs/cm, respectively. This indicated that salt ions had been attached to the sample particles. The conductivity after adsorption equilibrium was less than the sum of the conductivity of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution and electrode material in the aqueous solution. It can be concluded that the UiO-66 sample prepared in this experiment has a certain desalination effect.

The removal of phosphate by the UiO-66 electrosorption has a certain effect (Figure 5 and Table 2), because the -OH functional group of its secondary structural unit has a good affinity with the phosphorus functional group [38]. Compared with the phosphate removal and adsorption capacity of the synthesized UiO-66 samples prepared by adding two different regulators, the UiO-66 (acetic acid) sample with uniform and small particle sizes, poor crystallinity, and more surface adsorption sites exhibited better adsorption efficiency for the same volume and concentration of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution. The type of the regulator affects the morphology and structure of adsorbent materials, and the morphology and structure further affect the adsorptive properties of the adsorbent.

(a)

(b)

At the same time, the total phosphorus concentration in the solution after desorption by the UiO-66 electrosorption equilibrium was below the initial total phosphorus concentration. The reason for this is that most of the phosphorus adsorption by UiO-66 is chemical complexation adsorption. Until now, linker exchange has been considered as the main driving force for phosphate adsorption on UiO-66-type MOFs [26]. There are some chemical bonds, which affect the regeneration of the adsorbent.

In Figure 6, it can be found that the phosphate removal and adsorption capacity of the same amount of effective UiO-66 sample in the same volume and concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution are higher than those of the electrosorption. It is likely that the synthesized UiO-66 particles have poor compatibility with the carbon black as a conductive agent when the phosphate is removed by electrosorption, the electrical contact is poor, and the crystal grains do not completely infiltrate the water body, thus, negatively affecting adsorption. After desalination by electrosorption, the ions adsorbed on the electrode return back to the solution, and a double-layer electrosorption-desorption cycle facilitates the engineering utilization of adsorbents. The cyclic reversibility and regeneration performance of the UiO-66 materials are reasonably utilized by electrosorption, which is convenient for desorption, to regenerate the adsorbent and to reduce the cost of treatment.

4. Conclusion

The characterization results show that the surface morphology of UiO-66 (acetic acid) is better than that of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid). The synthesized material featured uniform-size and small-size particles, rough and porous surface, and poor crystallinity and had better surface adsorption potential, meeting the requirements of electrosorption for electrode materials. The results of the cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance show that commercial activated carbon had higher specific capacitance than the two UiO-66 materials. When the scanning rate was 10 mV/s for the 1 mol/L NaCl electrolyte, the capacitance reached 84.84 F/g. In the process of electrosorption, when the initial concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution was 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, the phosphate adsorption capacity of UiO-66 (acetic acid) was 13.20 mg/g, 9.63 mg/g, 11.49 mg/g, and 23.29 mg/g, and that of UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) was 10.84 mg/g, 5.34 mg/g, 7.39 mg/g, and 19.96 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that the synthesized UiO-66 (acetic acid) samples with uniform-size and small-size particles, poor crystallinity, and more surface adsorption sites exhibited better adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity for the same volume and the same concentration of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution. When the concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution was 30 mg/L, the phosphate removal efficiency of UiO-66 (acetic acid) and UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid) was 59.3% and 52.7%, and the adsorption capacities were 22.13 mg/g and 19.63 mg/g. It can be seen that under the same conditions, the phosphate removal and adsorption capacity of electrosorption were lower than those of adsorption. The electrosorption process of the synthesized UiO-66 material was reversible and exhibited good regeneration performance. It is easy to reuse the adsorbent, for separation and recovery of phosphate, which can reduce the cost of wastewater treatment and is likely to be widely adopted for various engineering applications.

Data Availability

All authors agreed to state that required data and relevant materials will be available for further validation of the results presented.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

We thank Elsevier for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N180104015).

Supplementary Materials

Figure AM1: current-voltage curves, for the scanning rates of 10 mV/s, 20 mV/s, 50 mV/s, 100 mV/s, and 200 mV/s. ((a) Commercial activated carbon, scanning , ; (b) UiO-66 (acetic acid), scanning , ; (c) UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid), scanning , ). Figure AM2: specific capacitance change, for the three electrode materials, for different scanning rates. Figure AM3: AC impedance spectra of three different materials ((a) commercial activated carbon; (b) UiO-66 (acetic acid); (c) UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid)). Figure AM4: electrosorption-desorption curve of the NaCl solution with the initial concentration of 500 mg/L. Figure AM5: adsorption curve of the UiO-66 synthesized sample in the 30 mg/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution ((a) UiO-66 (acetic acid); (b) UiO-66 (hydrochloric acid)). Figure AM6: electrosorption-desorption curve of NaCl solution with an initial concentration of 500 mg/L. Figure AM7: electrosorption-desorption curve of NaH₂PO₄ solution with an initial concentration of 30 mg/L. Figure AM8: electrosorption-desorption curve of NaH₂PO₄ solution with an initial concentration of 40 mg/L. Figure AM9: electrosorption-desorption curve of NaH₂PO₄ solution with an initial concentration of 50 mg/L. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2021 Yan Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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